Due to the restricted hardware resources of the sensor nodes, modelling and designing energy efficient routing methods to increase the overall network lifetime have become one of the most significant strategies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Cluster-based heterogeneous routing protocols, a popular part of routing technology, have proven effective in management of topology, energy consumption, data collection or fusion, reliability, or stability in a distributed sensor network. In this article, an energy efficient three-level heterogeneous clustering method (DEEC) based distributed energy efficient clustering protocol named TBSDEEC (Threshold balanced sampled DEEC) is proposed. Contrary to most other studies, this study considers the effect of the threshold balanced sampled in the energy consumption model. Our model is compared with the DEEC, EDEEC (Enhanced Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol), and EDDEEC (Enhanced Developed Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol) using MATLAB as two different scenarios based on quality metrics, including living nodes on the network, network efficiency, energy consumption, number of packets received by base station (BS), and average latency. After, our new method is compared with artificial bee colony optimization (ABCO) algorithm and energy harvesting WSN (EH-WSN) clustering method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model is more efficient than the other protocols and significantly increases the sensor network lifetime.

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Threshold Balanced Sampled DEEC Model for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Many studies have been proposed on clustering protocols for various applications in Wireless Sensor Network WSN. The main objective of the clustering algorithm is to minimize the energy consumption, deployment of nodes, latency, and fault tolerance in network. In short high reliability, robustness and scalability can be achieved. Clustering techniques are mainly used to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor network. The first and foremost clustering algorithm for wireless sensor network was Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy LEACH. As per LEACH, some Cluster Head CH may have more nodes, some other may have less nodes, which affects the network performance. The proposed method MaximuM-LEACH provides a solution by load balancing the number of nodes equally by fixing the average value N, so the life time of the network is increased.

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A Modified LEACH Protocol for Increasing Lifetime of the Wireless Sensor Network

Energy conservation plays a role important in wireless sensor network (WSN) design. The technique of clustering is one of the approaches to save energy of WSNs; several protocols based on the clustering technique are proposed in the context of energy conservation and maximization of network lifetime. This article proposed a new routing technique to maximize the network lifetime and enhance energy efficiency in WSNs, namely optimal selection of cluster head in the grid (OSCH-Gi). This technique divides the network area into a clustered grid. Each clustered grid has a cluster head (CH) it has been chosen based on the residual energy and distance to the base station of each node. Simulation results indicate that the proposed technique is more effective than other clustering algorithms in terms of the network lifetime and energy consumption.

New Routing Technique to Enhance Energy Efficiency and Maximize Lifetime of the Network in WSNs

A decentralized form represents a wireless network that facilitates the computers to direct communication without any router. The mobility of individual nodes is necessary within the restricted radio spectrum where contact is often possible on an Adhoc basis. The routing protocol must face the critical situation in these networks forwarding exploration between communicating nodes may create the latency problem in the future. The assault is one of the issues has direct impact network efficiency by disseminating false messages or altering routing detail. Hence, an enhanced routing approach proposes to defend against such challenges. The efficiency of the designated model of wireless devices relies on various output parameters to ensure the requirements. The high energy efficient algorithms: LEACH with FUZZY LOGIC, GENETIC, and FIREFLY are the most effective in optimizing scenarios. The firefly algorithm applies in a model of hybrid state logic with energy parameters: data percentage, transmission rate, and real-time application where the architecture methodology needs to incorporate the design requirements for the attacks within the specified network environment, which can affect energy and packet distribution under various system parametric circumstances. These representations can determine with the statistical linear congestion model in a wireless sensor network mixed state environment.

Hybrid state analysis with improved firefly optimized linear congestion models of WSNs for DDOS & CRA attacks

In this paper, an attempt has been made to increase the transmission efficiency and network lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN) by clustering method using Fuzzy logic. Here, the cluster head (CH) is elected based on the Fuzzy logic. Enhancement of lifetime for the nodes operating in WSN is an important issue that needs to be resolved for increasing the system efficiency and performance. The technique of clustering has found large number of benefits with respect to achieving system efficiency and least energy consumption. The protocols employed in an intelligent WSN should favor maximum transmission efficiency and provide maximum network lifetime from the utilized algorithm that is exactly attempted to be achieved through this method. The first node dead (FND) and the lifetime of the network using the fuzzy logic in the proposed work are compared with four other mechanisms. Both FND and lifetime are found to be better in the present work which provides an efficient approach for WSN.

Design of an Efficient Fuzzy based Cluster Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to lack of power source, energy is the key concern area in Wireless Sensor Networks. Maximum energy is used in transmission of data. Many research works have been done to develop routing algorithms to increase the lifetime of a sensor network. Among them clustering based approach is well known for achieving energy efficiency. This paper proposes a new routing strategy based on hierarchical routing protocol LEACH where clusters are refreshed periodically based on residual energy and distance. Reclustering distributes the workload among different nodes and in turn enhances the network lifetime by rotating the cluster head. The sensor nodes remain in active state only during its transmission slot. Rest of the time it remains in sleep state to save energy. LEACH, MOD-LEACH and the proposed protocol are simulated in MATLAB. The result shows that our proposed algorithm performs better than the LEACH and also MOD-LEACH protocol in terms of network lifetime. The proposed algorithm also gives more throughput than LEACH.

Bhanu Pratap Singh

Papers

A new LEACH-based routing protocol for energy optimization in wireless sensor network