In recent years solar energy has received worldwide attention in the field of renewable energy systems Among the various research thrusts in solar PV, the most proverbial area is extracting maximum power from solar PV system Application dof Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for extracting maximum power is very much appreciated and holds the key in developing efficient solar PV system In this paper, a state of the art review on various maximum power point techniques for solar PV systems covering timeworn conventional methods and latest soft computing algorithms is presented To date critical analysis on each of the method in terms of (1) tracking speed, (2) algorithm complexity, (3) Dynamic tracking under partial shading and (4) hardware implementation is not been carried out In this regard the authors have attempted to compile a comprehensive review on various solar PV MPPT techniques based on the above criteria Further, it is envisaged that the information presented in this review paper will be a valuable gathering of information for practicing engineers as well as for new researchers

A comprehensive review on solar PV maximum power point tracking techniques

In this study, a significant literature review on peak load shaving strategies has been presented. The impact of three major strategies for peak load shaving, namely demand side management (DSM), integration of energy storage system (ESS), and integration of electric vehicle (EV) to the grid has been discussed in detail. Discussion on possible challenges and future research directions for each type of the strategy has also been included in this review. For the energy storage system, different technologies used for peak load shaving purpose, which include their methods of operation and control have been elaborated further. Finally, the sizing of the ESS storage system is discussed. For the demand side management system, various management methods and challenges associated with DSM implementation have been thoroughly explained. A detailed discussion on the electric vehicle strategy has also been included in the review, which considers the integration, control and operation techniques for implementing the peak load shaving.

A review on peak load shaving strategies

This paper discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods of PV system for normal and partial shading conditions (PSC). The selected MPPT methods were classified as artificial intelligent, hybrid, and other MPPT methods. The comparison of researches on MPPT methods under normal condition and PSC reveals that researchers have concentrated more on shading conditions since the last few years mainly due to the need of power output and efficiency improvements. It is believed that the information contained in this piece of work will be of great use for the researchers in the field under consideration.

A review on maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems with and without shading conditions

Parameter estimation of photovoltaic system using imperialist competitive algorithm

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy resource due to its variety of advantages. The photovoltaic systems have a remarkable development over the past few decades. As the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system varies with the change in environmental conditions, the maximum power point tracking technology is necessary to harvest maximum power from the photovoltaic systems. However, multiple peaks occur in the power-voltage (P-V) curve during partial shading conditions. In such condition, many traditional maximum power point tracking methods like perturbation and observation, and incremental conductance may become invalid due to involvement in the local maximum power point. Many advanced methods based on the artificial intelligence like artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic control can track the global maximum power point. However, they are not feasible in real complex environment because they need massive training and broader experience. Alternatively, bio-inspired maximum power point tracking algorithms deal properly with such situations. In recent years, researchers have widely applied bio-inspired algorithms to track the global maximum power point of photovoltaic system during partial shading situations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the bio-inspired algorithms used for global maximum power point tracking. Various tracking methods are discussed and compared in terms of their characteristics and corresponding improved methods. It also presents the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The modified and combined forms of these methods found to have better performance than original algorithms. Overall, the performance of swarm intelligence based algorithms is found better than evolutionary algorithms. This review may help the researchers to acquire comprehensive information about the application of bio-inspired algorithms to gain maximum power from the photovoltaic systems, and furthermore, help them to choose an efficient way of global maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems during partial shading conditions.

Application of bio-inspired algorithms in maximum power point tracking for PV systems under partial shading conditions – A review

Solar photovoltaic (PV) array shows non-linear P-V characteristic when the array is illuminated under uniform solar irradiance. In this circumstance, the P-V characteristic consists only one maximum power point (MPP) along the functional operating voltage. However, the P-V characteristic has changed and become more complex with multiple MPP when the array is exposed under partially shaded conditions. This circumstance has caused maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm faces difficulty to allocate the exact optimal operating voltage for PV array to generate maximum power. In this paper, initial voltage tracking function (IVTF) has been introduced to assign new initial voltage for tracking the absolute MPP when the PV array is at shaded conditions. Nevertheless, MPPT approach deals with the challenge of tracking the MPP in the faster mode while maintaining the power stability of the PV array toward the MPP. Therefore, fuzzy logic is embedded in the conventional MPPT to adapt the size of the perturbed voltage. The obtained results show that fuzzy logic based MPPT with IVTF is able to track the absolute MPP faster while minimizing power lost due to the power fluctuations.

Optimization of partially shaded PV array using fuzzy MPPT

This paper presents the fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking for the optimization of the solar photovoltaic (PV) array under partially shaded conditions The PV system is modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK where the PV array is formed by five PV modules connected in series The P?V characteristic of PV module and PV array under uniform solar irradiance are nonlinear but there are one maximum power point (MPP) can be identified Nevertheless, the P?V characteristic becomes more complex with multiple MPP when the PV array under partially shaded conditions (PSC) In this paper, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach based on perturb and observe algorithm has been investigated Fuzzy logic is adopted into the conventional MPPT to enhance the overall performance of the PV system The performances of MPPT and FMPPT are investigated particularly on the transient response and the steady state response when the PV array is exposed under different partially shaded conditions The simulation results show that FMPPT has better performance where it can facilitate the PV array to reach the MPP faster and provide more stable output power

Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT for PV Array under Partially Shaded Conditions

Maximum power point tracking algorithm is widely implemented in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power. In general, Perturb and Observe (P&O) is simple thus being selected to continuously track the array maximum power point (MPP). Under uniform solar irradiance, PV array characteristic is non-linear and consisting only one MPP along the functional operating voltage. However, when the PV array is partially shaded, the P-V characteristic becomes more complex with multiple MPPs. The occurrence of multiple MPP might cause the PV array to be trapped at the local MPP. At this operating condition of local MPP, PV array will generate lesser output power. In this study, the performance of PV array is explored especially when each PV module is at 30% and 70% shaded conditions. Simulation results show that PV array at absolute MPP can generate greater output power with the largest increased by 74.6% hence achieving higher power efficiency.

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Effect of partially shaded conditions on photovoltaic array's maximum power point tracking

Mobile communication and intelligent transportation system (ITS) show a promising technology as it could enhance the traffic efficiency and promote on-road traffic safety. Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is one of a notable example of successful wireless networking paradigm emerges from the combination of mobile communication and ITS. It allows wireless communication between vehicles and remote application. Many VANET related researches have been done in simulation rather than in real-world due to its inexpensive, repeatable and easily controlled experiment. Simulation of VANET can be divided into two types: network and mobility simulation. In order to develop a vehicular network service, a realistic mobility environment must be generated beforehand as it could greatly affect the performances of developed VANET protocol. In this paper, traffic simulator (SUMO) is used to generate realistic traffic of the city Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Different scenarios are generated to evaluate the performance of VANET on such realistic developed topologies.

Progressing toward urban topology and mobility trace for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

Hydroelectric power is one of the important renewable energy sources. It converts the potential energy of the natural circulating water flows to usable electrical energy by driving a turbine which is connected to a generator. In the rural area of Sabah state in Malaysia, such as Kampung Terian, the existing micro-hydro power plant is incapable to support the villagers' demand during the peak hours. Meanwhile, the tremendous amount of excess energy is wasted by disposing through ballast load during the non-peak hours. Since the discharge coefficient parameter of charging system is dynamically changed in nature, the conventional proportional controller is unable to control the charging process well. Thus, a lead-acid battery storage system is developed to incorporate with the micro-hydro power plant. Fuzzy logic control is proposed in this work to control the amount of current charging for the battery by manipulating the duty cycle of a DC-DC buck converter.

Bih Lii Chua

Papers

Optimization of partially shaded PV array using fuzzy MPPT

Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT for PV Array under Partially Shaded Conditions

Effect of partially shaded conditions on photovoltaic array's maximum power point tracking

Progressing toward urban topology and mobility trace for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

Modelling and optimisation of stand alone power generation at rural area