As a global concern, the sustainability of a product is the responsibility for manufacturing. Product design has become one of the sources and core drivers for manufacturing competition, and the international competitiveness of products would mostly depend on product design capabilities. The product design has essential and profound impacts on the manufacturing, and thus, many researchers focus on product design and make varies of contributions in this area. Product sustainable design is a design process for a product with the consideration of environmental, economic, and social sustainability during the product entire life cycle. The result of product sustainable design is the creation of products with high sustainability of environmental, economic, and social aspects. This paper reviews the state of the art in the product sustainable design methodologies and tools from the perspective of environmental, economic, and social aspects. For the environmental perspective, design for environment methodologies and tools would enable products in a more environmentally friendly manner in the manufacturing. For the economic perspective, this paper introduces the design methodologies for the economic sustainability with cost, assembly, manufacture, and supply chain. For the social perspective, this paper introduces sustainable social design and social responsibility design for social sustainability and social sustainability through social intervention and social innovation. In addition, it encourages future works.

Product Sustainable Design: A Review From the Environmental, Economic, and Social Aspects

Assembly sequence planning is one of the multi-model optimization problems, in which more than one objective function has to be optimized at a time to obtain the quality assembly sequence. Moreover...

Optimal robotic assembly sequence planning using stability graph through stable assembly subset identification

The weldability of carbon steel is determined by carbon equivalent (CE) for predicting/estimating preheat temperatures necessary for weld integrity of the weldment. The microstructure of the welded...

A review of weldability of carbon steel in arc-based welding processes

Welding distortion is a critical issue as it leads to severe deterioration of structural integrity of welded work piece and dimensional precision. This study aims at studying the effects of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) parameters on the evolution of mechanical properties, including tensile strength, impact toughness, and hardness, along with angular distortion on a welded joint from SA 516 grade 70. Such parameters are analyzed and optimized by employing the Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis. SA 516 grade 70 is commercially used for fabrication of storage tanks, boilers and pressure vessels. SMAW is investigated with three levels of root gap, groove angle, electrode diameter, and pre-heat temperature, which were varied on a butt joint in flat (1 G) position to determine their effects on response variables at room temperature. Nine experiments were designed using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, welded according to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) section IX, and samples were prepared and tested as per ASTM A 370. The Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis were employed to observe the most significant parameters and optimal levels that synergically yield improved responses. Results are validated by conducting confirmatory experiments that show good agreement with optimum results.

An Integrated Approach of GRA Coupled with Principal Component Analysis for Multi-Optimization of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Process.

Despite their contributions to the financial efficiency and environmental sustainability of industrial processes, robotic assembly and disassembly have been understudied in the existing literature. This is in contradiction to their importance in realizing the Fourth Industrial Revolution. More specifically, although most of the literature has extensively discussed how to optimally assemble or disassemble given products, the role of other factors has been overlooked. For example, and among other factors, the choices of the robots involved in implementing the sequence plans, which should ideally be taken into account throughout the whole chain consisting of design, assembly, disassembly, and reassembly, may greatly affect the underlying implications with a considerable impact on the viability and effectiveness of the measures aimed at substantiating, realizing, and strengthening the backbones of a circular economy. Isolating the foregoing operations from the rest of the components of the relevant ecosystems may lead to erroneous inferences toward both the necessity and efficiency of the underlying procedures. In this paper, we try to alleviate these shortcomings by comprehensively investigating the state of the art in robotic assembly and disassembly. We consider and review various aspects of manufacturing and remanufacturing frameworks while particularly focusing on their desirability for supporting a circular economy. 

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Industry 4.0 and prospects of circular economy: a survey of robotic assembly and disassembly

This work describes welding of the sheets with different thickness values and then characterizing the mechanical and microstructural properties for two different types of welding i.e. GMAW and SMAW...

Effect of welding parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of GMAW and SMAW mild steel joints

To reduce the assembly efforts and cost of the assembly, researchers are motivated to reduce the part number by applying design for assembly (DFA) concept. The so far existed literature review has no generalized method to obtain optimum assembly sequence by incorporating the DFA concept. Even though the DFA concept is applied separately, still it demands high-skilled user intervention to obtain optimum assembly sequence. As the assembly sequence planning (ASP) is NP-hard and multi-objective optimization problem, it requires more computational time and huge search space. In this paper, an attempt is made to combine DFA concept along with ASP problem to obtain optimum assembly sequence. Ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) is used for combining DFA and ASP problem by considering directional changes as fitness function to obtain optimum feasible assembly sequences. Generally, the product with ‘N’ parts consists of N − 1 levels during assembly, which are reduced by applying DFA concept. Later on, optimum assembly sequence can be obtained for the reduced levels of assembly using different assembly predicates.

Integrated Design for Assembly Approach Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Assembly Sequence Planning

Assembly operation occupies major stake in the manufacturing process to obtain the final product. In order to obtain an assembly sequence for a given product, the product should be free of clashes between the parts. To know the clash between the parts, many researchers are followed mathematical models to generate contact data information of the product. These methods will consume much time and search space to extract the information from the product. Current research focuses on developing an automatic algorithm to generate the clash analysis report using macros CATIA V5 R17. In this method, it will not only generate the clash analysis report but also generate a contact information matrix between the parts of the assembly. The developed methodology is implemented on various industrial products to extract the clash information of the product.

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CAD-Based Automatic Clash Analysis for Robotic Assembly

Microstructure Analysis of Arc Welded Mild Steel Plates

Welding has been done by taking mild steel as work piece material in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. Material thickness and current were considered as input parameters. Joining of metals has been completed in two ways. In first process double pass welding has been done in which 1st pass was in reverse polarity and the second pass was in straight polarity and in the 2nd process both the passes of welding were completed with straight polarity. The comparison of microstructure and impact toughness has been investigated. It was found that more amount of heat was generated in the 2nd process as compared to the 1st process. Therefore, growths of grains in heat affected zone occurred and maximum growth occurred in 2nd than 1st process. Impact strength increased with decrease in current value and increase in material thickness respectively. The impact strength values for 1st process welding were relatively less as compared to 2nd process.

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Bijaya Kumar Khamari

Papers

Effect of welding parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of GMAW and SMAW mild steel joints

Integrated Design for Assembly Approach Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Assembly Sequence Planning

CAD-Based Automatic Clash Analysis for Robotic Assembly

Microstructure Analysis of Arc Welded Mild Steel Plates

Variation of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties With Respect to Polarity in Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Mild Steel