Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Effects Of Climate Change

Clove oil is an effective, local and natural anaesthetic. Many hatcheries and research studies use clove oil to immobilize fish for handling, sorting, tagging, artificial reproduction procedures and surgery and to suppress sensory systems during invasive procedures. Clove oil may be more appropriate for use in commercial aquaculture situations. Improper clove oil use can decrease fish viability, distort physiological data or result in mortalities. Because animals may be anaesthetized by unskilled labourers and released in natural water bodies, training in the proper use of clove oil may decrease variability in recovery and experimental results and increase fish survival. Here, we briefly describe many aspects of clove oil, including the legal uses of it, anaesthesia mechanism and what is currently known about the preparation and behavioural and pathologic effects of the anaesthetic. We outline methods and precautions for administration and changes in fish behaviour during progressively deeper anaesthesia and discuss the physiological effects of clove oil, its potential for compromising fish health and effectiveness of water quality parameters.

Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish (review)

Response to short term starvation of growth, haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune parameters in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo)

Sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils and their active compounds in fish: A review

Black sea turbot (Psetta maxima) were reared at four different densities in the sea cages to evaluate the effects of stocking density on growth, survival rate and food conversion ratio. Fish (mean weight, 41 g; N: 900) were stocked in four different densities as 30, 60, 90 and 120 fish m-2 with three replicates and initial stock densities of 1.26±0.069, 2.44±0.022, 3.69±0.016 and 4.87±0.081 kg m-2 respectively. The growth trial lasted for 206 days from October 2000 to June 2001. Bulk and individual weights of fish in each cage were recorded monthly. The final mean weights (±s.e.) of the fish stocked at densities of 30, 60, 90 and 120 fish m-2 reached 178.3±6.53, 182.7±6.02, 186.1±8.22 and 164.6±8.12 g. Growth rate was fast up to 90 fish m-2and dropped after these. The corresponding SGR values were 0.70, 0.72, 0.73 and 0.68 % day-1 at temperatures ranging between 8 and 22°C and salinity of 17-18 ppm. The feed conversion ratios were estimated as 1.95, 1.85, 2.09 and 1.88, and cumulative survival rates were calculated as 78.0, 90.0, 75.0 and 65.3% respectively. The results revealed that stocking density had a significant effect on growth and survival rates of turbot. Fish held at the highest density exhibited lowest growth rate and survival rates.

Effects of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Survival and Food Conversion Ratio of Turbot (Psetta maxima) in the Net Cages on the Southeastern Coast of the Black Sea

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic was evaluated in Juvenile of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) under two experiments. Dose response examined using four anaesthetic concentrations varying from 0.22 to 0.90 g/L of clove oil and effect of exposure duration on the recovery time analysed for 5 and 10 min. Mean body length (cm), 24.9±1.37 and weight (g) 63.2±10.89, n=120, juvenile Russian sturgeon placed individually to the anaesthetic bath prepared with clove oil, and induction (I1: Sedation and I2: Loss of equilibrium) and recovery times (R1: Regain of equilibrium and R2: Sedation) recorded in seconds. Allowing fish remain in the anaesthesia after fish reaching anaesthesia stage, time to recovery from anaesthesia recorded. Fish exposed to clove oil failured to respond to external stimuli and reached to anaesthesia, sympocal stage in <3 min and recovered in <5 min at all doses except 0.22 g/L dose of clove oil. Exposure five and ten minute to anaesthesia at the 0.22, 0.45 and 0.90 g/L concentrations, fish recovered from anaesthesia in <10 min, except 0.90 g/L. The higher dose of clove oil resulted in significantly shorter induction time and prolonged recovery time. While correlation between induction time and dose determined as negative, r= -0.594 and a positive correlation has been found between dose and recovery time, r=0.422 (P<0.05). The study demonstrated that clove oil can be used as an effective anaesthetic measuring length and weight of juvenile Russian sturgeon and dose and exposure duration effect on time to recovery from anaesthesia of clove oil.

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Effect of exposure duration on time to recovery from anaesthesia of clove oil in juvenile of russian sturgeon

A rearing trial was carried out to examine the effect of initial fish size on growth rate of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, reared in marine cages. The fish were introduced into the cages at the same stocking density (2.1 kg/m3) and three different size groups (small: 52.1±10.8 g, n=2,250; medium: 77.6±11.7 g, n=1,500; large: 118.6±20.1 g, n=1,000) with two replicates. The fish were fed to satiation three times a day with commercial pelleted diet. The growth, feed conversion, daily feeding and final biomass were found to be significantly affected by stocking size (P<0.05). The specific growth rate in small group (1.11%) was better than other two groups (1.02%). The highest daily feeding rate was in large (1.66%), and followed by medium (1.55%) and small size groups. The feed conversion values varied between 1.37 and 1.70. There was a negative relationship between the final biomass and initial stocking size of fish. Growth performance of rainbow trout appeared to be depressed at large size group.

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Effect of Initial Size on Growth Rate of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Reared in Cages on the Turkish Black Sea Coast

Summary

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic was evaluated in larvae of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) using four anaesthetic concentrations varying from 0.20 to 0.75 g L−1 Mean length, 13.7 ± 0.70 mm, 44 larvae placed individually to the anaesthetic bath, and induction (I-1 and I-2) and recovery times (R-1 and R-2) recorded at 18.0 ± 0.01°C. Larvae failed to respond to external stimuli ≥3 min (3.19 min) and recovered in ≥5 min (5.10 min) at 0.20 g L−1 and at the other three doses larvae reached to syncopal stage in <3 min and recovered from anaesthesia <10 min. As expected, the higher dose of clove oil resulted in significantly shorter anaesthesia induction and longer recovery times. While correlation coefficients between induction time and dose determined as negative; r = 0.87 and a positive correlation r = 0.86 has been found between doses and recovery times (P < 0.01). The study demonstrated that clove oil can be used as an effective anaesthetic in larvae of Russian sturgeon and higher dose of clove oil prolonged the recovery time.

Use of clove oil to anaesthetize larvae of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)

Additional co-authors: Dilek Fidan, Linda Fourdain, Marco Frederiksen, Archil Guchmanidze, Housam Hamza, Jessica Harvey, Magda Nenciu, Galin Nikolov, Victor Niţa, Muhammed Dogan Ozdemir, Elitsa Petrova-Pavlova, Gabriel Popescu, Ferit Rad, Safak Seyhaneyildiz Can, John A. Theodorou, Behnan Thomas, Nicolo Tonachella, Ekaterina Tribilustova, Irina Yakhontova, Ahmet Faruk Yesilsu, Guzel Yucel-Gier

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Bilal Akbulut

Papers

Effects of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Survival and Food Conversion Ratio of Turbot (Psetta maxima) in the Net Cages on the Southeastern Coast of the Black Sea

Effect of exposure duration on time to recovery from anaesthesia of clove oil in juvenile of russian sturgeon

Effect of Initial Size on Growth Rate of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Reared in Cages on the Turkish Black Sea Coast

Use of clove oil to anaesthetize larvae of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)

Black Sea Aquaculture: Legacy, Challenges & Future Opportunities