Frontispiece - Derek J de Solla Price Introduction - Christine L Borgman PART ONE: THEORY AND PERSPECTIVE Understanding Science - Belver C Griffith Studies of Communication and Information Disciplinary Work and Interdisciplinary Areas - Sydney J Pierce Sociology and Bibliometrics Reconciling Structure and Process in the Study of Scholarly Communication - Leah A Lievrouw PART TWO: BIBLIOMETRIC RESEARCH METHODS A View of Studies on Bibliometrics and Related Subjects in Japan - S Miyamoto, N Midorikawa and K Nakayama Author Co-citation Studies - Howard D White Overview and Defense Who Carries the Field? Communication Between Literary Schools and Critics - Karl Erik Rosengren The Absence of Co-citation as a Clue to Undiscovered Causal Connections - Don R Swanson Hierarchies and Clusters Among Communication and Library and Information Science Journals, 1977 - 1987 - Ronald E Rice PART THREE: EMPIRICAL STUDIES An Author Co-citation Analysis of Two Research Traditions - Everett M Rogers and Charlotte A Cottrill Technology Transfer and the Diffusion of Innovations A Co-citation Study of AIDS Research - Henry Small and Edwin Greenlee Mapping Authors in Intellectual Space - Katherine W McCain Population Genetics in the 1980s International Scientific Cooperation and Awareness - H F Moed and R E DeBruin A Bibliometric Case Study of Agricultural Research Within the European Community Core Journals of the Rapidly Changing Research Front of "Superconductivity" - Terrance A Brooks Editors-in-Chief of Medical Journals - S Zsindely and A Schubert Identifying the Important Theorists of Communication - James R Beniger Use of Latent Measures to Test Manifest Assumptions in Scholarly Communication Conclusions - William Paisley The Future of Bibliometrics

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Scholarly Communication and Bibliometrics

A review of the literature on citation impact indicators

Measuring contextual citation impact of scientific journals

This paper explores a new indicator of journal citation impact, denoted as source normalized impact per paper (SNIP). It measures a journal's contextual citation impact, taking into account characteristics of its properly defined subject field, especially the frequency at which authors cite other papers in their reference lists, the rapidity of maturing of citation impact, and the extent to which a database used for the assessment covers the field's literature. It further develops Eugene Garfield's notions of a field's 'citation potential' defined as the average length of references lists in a field and determining the probability of being cited, and the need in fair performance assessments to correct for differences between subject fields. A journal's subject field is defined as the set of papers citing that journal. SNIP is defined as the ratio of the journal's citation count per paper and the citation potential in its subject field. It aims to allow direct comparison of sources in different subject fields. Citation potential is shown to vary not only between journal subject categories - groupings of journals sharing a research field - or disciplines (e.g., journals in mathematics, engineering and social sciences tend to have lower values than titles in life sciences), but also between journals within the same subject category. For instance, basic journals tend to show higher citation potentials than applied or clinical journals, and journals covering emerging topics higher than periodicals in classical subjects or more general journals. SNIP corrects for such differences. Its strengths and limitations are critically discussed, and suggestions are made for further research. All empirical results are derived from Elsevier's Scopus.

Citation impact indicators nowadays play an important role in research evaluation, and consequently these indicators have received a lot of attention in the bibliometric and scientometric literature. This paper provides an in-depth review of the literature on citation impact indicators. First, an overview is given of the literature on bibliographic databases that can be used to calculate citation impact indicators (Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar). Next, selected topics in the literature on citation impact indicators are reviewed in detail. The first topic is the selection of publications and citations to be included in the calculation of citation impact indicators. The second topic is the normalization of citation impact indicators, in particular normalization for field differences. Counting methods for dealing with co-authored publications are the third topic, and citation impact indicators for journals are the last topic. The paper concludes by offering some recommendations for future research.

Describes how the idea of normalised impact factor came into being and the method of its determination. In all, five properties of the normalised impact factor have been identified and described. It is observed that the ranking of a journal in its own category is better revealed by the normalised impact factor and the average normalised impact factor seems to provide better indication of the comparative performance of a set of laboratories engaged in diverse areas of research.

Normalised impact factor

Engrailed 2 (EN2) is a homeobox transcription factor involved in the patterning of cerebellum during brain development. Linkage analysis and studies on knockout mice support EN2, located on chromosome 7q36.3, as a potential risk locus for autism. Candidate gene approach also suggested association of EN2 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in various populations. Here, we have investigated the association of five markers [rs3735653 (C/T) in exon 1; rs34808376 (GC/-) and rs6150410 (CGCATCCCC/-) in promoter region; rs1861972 (A/G) and rs1861973 (C/T) in the intron] of the gene with autism and ASD in Indian population using family-based approach. Probands have been recruited using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria. Genotypic distributions conform to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Genotyping analysis showed that the intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are in complete linkage disequilibrium showing A-C and corresponding G-T allelic association. We observed significant preferential transmission of C allele of rs1861973 from the parents to affected offspring [transmission disequilibrium test (TDT): narrow diagnosis likelihood ratio statistics (LRS) = 6.63, P = 0.006; broad diagnosis LRS = 4.47, P = 0.05]. Interestingly, gender-based investigations showed significant transmission of C allele to the affected females [TDT: LRS = 7.36, P = 0.0025; haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR): LRS = 7.16, P = 0.02]. A maternal overtransmission for these alleles was also noted (TDT: LRS = 3.65, P = 0.036; HHRR: LRS = 2.81, P = 0.036). Bioinformatic analysis using TFSearch showed generation of Sp1 binding site in the presence of C allele. While Del-T haplotype formed from rs34808376-rs1861973 markers showed increased non-transmission, the Ins-C showed significant transmission suggesting protective effect and risk, respectively, conferred by these haplotypes in autism etiology. These results suggest positive genetic correlation of EN2 with autism in the Indian population.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00556.x

Family-based studies indicate association of Engrailed 2 gene with autism in an Indian population.

Kalyane, V. L., & Sen, B. K. (1996). Scientometric Portrait of Nobel Laureate Pierre-Gilles de Gennes. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol.1, no. 2: 13-26
 
Presents an analysis of 422 papers by the Nobel laureate Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, a French physicist, published during 1956 to 1995 in diverse fields of science such as, magnetism, superconductors, hydrodynamics, polymers, liquid crystals, gels, and glues. The productivity of the scientist peaked in his 40’s and his journal preference shows a distinct national bias. Despite the scientist’s working with a very large number of collaborators, the percentage of collaborative papers seems to be low i.e. 36%. The receiving of honours and awards seems to attract more collaborators and hike the productivity rate. The scattering of papers over 146 journals does not follow Bradford’s law.

Scientometric portrait of nobel laureate pierre-gilles de gennes

The study has been conducted with 358 original contributions published in the journal Economic Botany during 1994-2003. Contributions by single author and small teams comprising two or three authors account for about 80% of the papers. Among the citations, books accounted for 59%, and articles 41%. E citations started appearing from 1998 are still negligible in number. Charts, diagrams, photos and tables included in the articles total 396, 427, 859 and 925 respectively. The length of maximum number of articles (38%) ranges from six to 10 pages. Articles occupying 11 to 15 pages rank next accounting for 31%. The highest number of articles totaling 217 (60.61%) has emanated from academic institutions such as universities. The articles originate from 45 countries. The first four countries are responsible for 51.7%, the first ten countries for 67.8%, and the first 15 countries for 78.6% of the articles

Economic botany: a bibliometric study

The study is conducted with 1011 citations appended to 27 research articles of the January-March 2000 issue of the Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section A contributed by 61 authors. The number of citations and cited authors per article is found to be 37.44 and 85.19 respectively. On average, one citing author has cited 38 authors. The number of citations per article and the number of cited authors per citing author is found to be more or less equal. The percentage of clubbed citation is 3.36 and the ratio of clubbed citation to the unclubbed citation is 1 : 30.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/17907/1/ALIS%2048%283%29%20121-127.pdf

Bimal Kanti Sen

Papers

Normalised impact factor

Family-based studies indicate association of Engrailed 2 gene with autism in an Indian population.

Scientometric portrait of nobel laureate pierre-gilles de gennes

Economic botany: a bibliometric study

Indian journal of chemistry section a - an analysis of citation pattern