The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

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Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

The smart metering and communication methods used in smart grid are being extensively studied owing to widespread applications of smart grid. Although the monitoring and control processes are widely used in industrial systems, the energy management requirements at both service supplier and consumer side for individuals promoted the evolution of smart grid. In this paper, it is aimed to disclose in a clear and clean way that what smart grid is and what kind of communication methods are used. All components of a smart grid are introduced in a logical way to facilitate the understanding, and communication methods are presented regarding to their improvements, advantages, and lacking feature. The developing generation, transmission, distribution and customer appliances are surveyed in terms of smart grid integration. The communication technologies are introduced as wireline and wireless classification where the key features are also tabulated. The security requirements of hardware and software in a smart grid are presented according to their cyber and physical structures.

A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are rapidly being deployed in electric power networks across the globe. Wide-area measurement system (WAMS), which builds upon PMUs and fast communication links, is consequently emerging as an advanced monitoring and control infrastructure. Rapid adaptation of such devices and technologies has led the researchers to investigate multitude of challenges and pursue opportunities in synchrophasor measurement technology, PMU structural design, PMU placement, miscellaneous applications of PMU from local perspectives, and various WAMS functionalities from the system perspective. Relevant research articles appeared in the IEEE and IET publications from 1983 through 2014 are rigorously surveyed in this paper to represent a panorama of research progress lines. This bibliography will aid academic researchers and practicing engineers in adopting appropriate topics and will stimulate utilities toward development and implementation of software packages.

Synchrophasor Measurement Technology in Power Systems: Panorama and State-of-the-Art

An energy-based method to locate oscillation sources in power systems is proposed. The energy is identical to the transient energy. The amount of energy is consistent with the oscillation amplitude, and then the component producing energy has negative contribution to the damping and is considered as the oscillation source. The consistency of energy dissipation with damping torque of a generator is proved. A method to compute energy flow in the network based on wide area measurement system data and independent of energy functions is proposed. The energy dissipation or production of a component in the system can be obtained from the net energy flow. The components producing energy are oscillation sources and emergency control actions should be taken on them. The method is validated by simulations and actual oscillation incidents analyses.

An energy-based method for location of power system oscillation source

A smart power grid is an integration of the advanced measurement, communication, computer, and control techniques. Among all the state-of-the-art technologies in building a smart power grid, the phasor measurement unit (PMU) is an important and promising one. Nowadays in China, most ultrahigh- and high-voltage buses are all equipped with PMUs. This paper reports an application of PMU data on locating the disturbance source for the low-frequency oscillation that has happened several times in the interconnected big power grids in China recently. The posterior analysis by the Electric Power System Research Institute of China (CEPRI) has confirmed that these low-frequency oscillations are caused by the resonance phenomena. It is urgent to find the disturbance source in case it happens again. However, there have been no systematic and effective methods to locate the disturbance in a very large power system. The trial and error method has been implemented via the digital simulations, but in vain. To overcome this problem, a novel method is developed in this paper to locate the disturbance source with the help of PMUs. The method takes advantage of the PMU measurements to reduce the searching area for locating the disturbance source. Case studies show the efficiency of the proposed method.

Bo Bo

Papers

Application of Phasor Measurement Unit on Locating Disturbance Source for Low-Frequency Oscillation