Series Editor's Preface. Introduction by John Breuilly. Acknowledgements. 1. Definitions. State and nation. The nation. 2. Culture in Agrarian Society. Power and culture in the agro-literature society. The varieties of agrarian rulers. 3. Industrial Society. The society of perpetual growth. Social genetics. The age of universal high culture. 4. The Transition to an Age of Nationalism. A note on the weakness of nationalism. Wild and garden culture. 5. What is a Nation. The course of true nationalism never did run smooth. 6. Social Entropy and Equality in Industrial Society. Obstacles to entropy. Fissures and barriers. A diversity of focus. 7. A Typology of Nationalisms. The varieties of nationalist experience. Diaspora nationalism. 8. The Future of Nationalism. Industrial culture - one or many?. 9. Nationalism and Ideology. Who is for Nuremberg?. One nation, one state. 10. Conclusion. What is not being said. Summary. Select bibliography. Bilbliography of Ernest Gellner's writing: Ian Jarvie. Index

Nations and Nationalism

Humanity is on a deeply unsustainable trajectory We are exceeding planetary boundaries and unlikely to meet many international sustainable development goals and global environmental targets Until recently, there was no broadly accepted framework of interventions that could ignite the transformations needed to achieve these desired targets and goals As a component of the IPBES Global Assessment, we conducted an iterative expert deliberation process with an extensive review of scenarios and pathways to sustainability, including the broader literature on indirect drivers, social change and sustainability transformation We asked, what are the most important elements of pathways to sustainability? Applying a social?ecological systems lens, we identified eight priority points for intervention (leverage points) and five overarching strategic actions and priority interventions (levers), which appear to be key to societal transformation The eight leverage points are: (1) Visions of a good life, (2) Total consumption and waste, (3) Latent values of responsibility, (4) Inequalities, (5) Justice and inclusion in conservation, (6) Externalities from trade and other telecouplings, (7) Responsible technology, innovation and investment, and (8) Education and knowledge generation and sharing The five intertwined levers can be applied across the eight leverage points and more broadly These include: (A) Incentives and capacity building, (B) Coordination across sectors and jurisdictions, (C) Pre-emptive action, (D) Adaptive decision-making and (E) Environmental law and implementation The levers and leverage points are all non-substitutable, and each enables others, likely leading to synergistic benefits Transformative change towards sustainable pathways requires more than a simple scaling-up of sustainability initiatives?it entails addressing these levers and leverage points to change the fabric of legal, political, economic and other social systems These levers and leverage points build upon those approved within the Global Assessment's Summary for Policymakers, with the aim of enabling leaders in government, business, civil society and academia to spark transformative changes towards a more just and sustainable world A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article

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Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability

After the end of World War II, the United States, by far the dominant economic and military power at that time, joined with the surviving capitalist democracies to create an unprecedented institutional framework. By the 1980s many contended that these institutions--the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (now the World Trade Organization), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund--were threatened by growing economic nationalism in the United States, as demonstrated by increased trade protection and growing budget deficits. In this book, Robert Gilpin argues that American power had been essential for establishing these institutions, and waning American support threatened the basis of postwar cooperation and the great prosperity of the period. For Gilpin, a great power such as the United States is essential to fostering international cooperation. Exploring the relationship between politics and economics first highlighted by Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and other thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Gilpin demonstrated the close ties between politics and economics in international relations, outlining the key role played by the creative use of power in the support of an institutional framework that created a world economy. Gilpin's exposition of the in.uence of politics on the international economy was a model of clarity, making the book the centerpiece of many courses in international political economy. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, when American support for international cooperation is once again in question, Gilpin's warnings about the risks of American unilateralism sound ever clearer.

The Political Economy of International Relations

Patronage and Power: Local State Networks and Party-State Resilience in Rural China

List of Illustrations and TablesPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: From Tank Man to China's New Patriots1. Historical Memory, Identity, and Politics2. Chosen Glory, Chosen Trauma3. From All-Under-Heaven to a Nation-State: Humiliation and Nation-Building4. From Victor to Victim: The Patriotic Education Campaign5. From Vanguard to Patriot: Reconstructing the Chinese Communist Party6. From Earthquake to Olympics: New Trauma, New Glory7. Memory, Crises, and Foreign Relations8. Memory, Textbooks, and Sino-Japanese Reconciliation9. Memory, Nationalism, and China's RiseNotesBibliographyIndex

Never Forget National Humiliation: Historic Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations

The trade war between the USA and China has shocked many across the world. A disruption to the interdependence of the two largest economies seemed unfathomable. However, in an effort to thwart China’s economic practices and boost the US economy, President Trump’s administration levied tariffs on Chinese imports shortly after taking office, moving US foreign economic policy from liberalism, practiced for decades, to protectionism. China has retaliated, and the trade war continues today. With conceptual insights from the nationalism literature, we explore the nationalist roots of the trade war from both the US and Chinese perspectives. In the USA, the Trump administration’s plan to achieve energy autonomy, decrease reliance on foreign resources, and reinvigorate the manufacturing sector has led to protectionist policies, the othering of China, and hence the trade war. Although reluctant to enter the conflict, China has rebuffed the USA, resisting and counterattacking US actions, owing to a long-felt sense of persecution in the global space and an eagerness to participate fully, and lead in some issue areas, in international affairs. The conflict continues into the COVID-19 era, marked by US scapegoating of China and hits to economic performance. Until both sides are convinced they have achieved their goals, or the USA undergoes an administration change, the conflict will likely continue.

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US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19

This essay analyzes the contrasting approaches taken to biodiversity conservation by the world's third largest nation-state, China, as compared to the fourth, the United States. While the primary current cause of loss in diversity of species, populations and ecosystems in China is over-exploitation, in the U.S. it is habitat destruction. Different historical trajectories, for example China's quasi-colonial circumstance from the Opium Wars to the end of World War II, express important social, cultural and political differences. In the U.S. case, the legislative orientation of species protection is distinctive. While both nations have roughly the same proportion of land sequestered into parks, refuges and reserves, the configuration of the two systems is different, with the U.S. having clearer lines of enforcement than China, which suffers from contradictions in policy and implementation.

Bo Wang

Papers

US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19

Contrasting approaches to biodiversity conservation: China as compared to the United States

Implementation Deficits in Endangered Species Protection: Comparing the U.S. and Chinese Approaches