The limitations of traditional computer-aided detection (CAD) systems for mammography, the extreme importance of early detection of breast cancer and the high impact of the false diagnosis of patients drive researchers to investigate deep learning (DL) methods for mammograms (MGs). Recent breakthroughs in DL, in particular, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable advances in the medical fields. Specifically, CNNs are used in mammography for lesion localization and detection, risk assessment, image retrieval, and classification tasks. CNNs also help radiologists providing more accurate diagnosis by delivering precise quantitative analysis of suspicious lesions. In this survey, we conducted a detailed review of the strengths, limitations, and performance of the most recent CNNs applications in analyzing MG images. It summarizes 83 research studies for applying CNNs on various tasks in mammography. It focuses on finding the best practices used in these research studies to improve the diagnosis accuracy. This survey also provides a deep insight into the architecture of CNNs used for various tasks. Furthermore, it describes the most common publicly available MG repositories and highlights their main features and strengths. The mammography research community can utilize this survey as a basis for their current and future studies. The given comparison among common publicly available MG repositories guides the community to select the most appropriate database for their application(s). Moreover, this survey lists the best practices that improve the performance of CNNs including the pre-processing of images and the use of multi-view images. In addition, other listed techniques like transfer learning (TL), data augmentation, batch normalization, and dropout are appealing solutions to reduce overfitting and increase the generalization of the CNN models. Finally, this survey identifies the research challenges and directions that require further investigations by the community.

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Deep convolutional neural networks for mammography: advances, challenges and applications

Breast cancer is one of the largest causes of women's death in the world today. Advance engineering of natural image classification techniques and Artificial Intelligence methods has largely been used for the breast-image classification task. The involvement of digital image classification allows the doctor and the physicians a second opinion, and it saves the doctors' and physicians' time. Despite the various publications on breast image classification, very few review papers are available which provide a detailed description of breast cancer image classification techniques, feature extraction and selection procedures, classification measuring parameterizations, and image classification findings. We have put a special emphasis on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method for breast image classification. Along with the CNN method we have also described the involvement of the conventional Neural Network (NN), Logic Based classifiers such as the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Bayesian methods, and a few of the semisupervised and unsupervised methods which have been used for breast image classification.

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Involvement of Machine Learning for Breast Cancer Image Classification: A Survey

Identification of the malignancy of tissues from Histopathological images has always been an issue of concern to doctors and radiologists. This task is time-consuming, tedious and moreover very challenging. Success in finding malignancy from Histopathological images primarily depends on long-term experience, though sometimes experts disagree on their decisions. However, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) techniques help the radiologist to give a second opinion that can increase the reliability of the radiologist’s decision. Among the different image analysis techniques, classification of the images has always been a challenging task. Due to the intense complexity of biomedical images, it is always very challenging to provide a reliable decision about an image. The state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) technique has had great success in natural image classification. Utilizing advanced engineering techniques along with the CNN, in this paper, we have classified a set of Histopathological Breast-Cancer (BC) images utilizing a state-of-the-art CNN model containing a residual block. Conventional CNN operation takes raw images as input and extracts the global features; however, the object oriented local features also contain significant information—for example, the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) represents the effective textural information, Histogram represent the pixel strength distribution, Contourlet Transform (CT) gives much detailed information about the smoothness about the edges, and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) derives frequency-domain information from the image. Utilizing these advantages, along with our proposed novel CNN model, we have examined the performance of the novel CNN model as Histopathological image classifier. To do so, we have introduced five cases: (a) Convolutional Neural Network Raw Image (CNN-I); (b) Convolutional Neural Network CT Histogram (CNN-CH); (c) Convolutional Neural Network CT LBP (CNN-CL); (d) Convolutional Neural Network Discrete Fourier Transform (CNN-DF); (e) Convolutional Neural Network Discrete Cosine Transform (CNN-DC). We have performed our experiments on the BreakHis image dataset. The best performance is achieved when we utilize the CNN-CH model on a 200× dataset that provides Accuracy, Sensitivity, False Positive Rate, False Negative Rate, Recall Value, Precision and F-measure of 92.19%, 94.94%, 5.07%, 1.70%, 98.20%, 98.00% and 98.00%, respectively.

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/9/1/19/pdf

Histopathological breast-image classification using local and frequency domains by convolutional neural network

A deep learning model using data augmentation for detection of architectural distortion in whole and patches of images

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that has risen to be the second cause of death among women. Classification of breast tissues into normal, benign, or malignant depends on the presence of abnormalities like microcalcifications, masses, architectural distortions, and asymmetries. Architectural distortion (AD) is subtle in detection with no association with masses but shows the abnormal arrangement of tissue strands, often in a radial, spiculation, or random pattern. It is widely rated as the third symptom of breast cancer which is the most commonly missed abnormality. Most computational approaches characterizing abnormalities in breast images often concentrate on the detection of microcalcification and masses with architectural distortions appearing as a secondary finding. The subtle nature and a minimal occurrence of architectural distortions may seem to complicate computational approaches for its detection. As a result, little research interest has been recorded in this area. It is widely reported that some cases of recent breast cancer are wrongly diagnosed due to the omission in detecting the presence of architectural distortion at the early stage of the disease. However, we discovered that most computational solutions to early detection of breast cancer are focused mainly on detecting other abnormalities such as masses and microcalcification, which are some evidence of the advanced stage of the disease. To emphasise the little efforts channeled towards detection of AD compared to other abnormalities, this article aims to detail the review of such studies in the last decade. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first review which focuses on the detection of architectural distortion (AD) from mammographic images. Furthermore, this article presents a comprehensive review of approaches, advances, and challenges on the computational methods for detecting AD, with the sole aim of advancing the use of deep learning models in detecting AD. Moreover, a comparative study of performance analyses of articles surveyed in this article is investigated. Our findings revealed that about 70% of the existing literature adopted Gabor Filters, while just less than 10% leveraged on the state-of-the-art performances recorded in computer vision and deep learning, in building outstanding computational models for the detection of AD. The current study also discovered that using a deep learning approach, such as the convolution neural network (CNN) method, can yield a significant increase in performance for the task of detection of architectural distortions. This assertion is based on literature results obtained using the CNN, which generates an accuracy of 99.4% compared to the use of Gabor filters method, which accounts for 95% accuracy.

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A State-of-the-Art Survey on Deep Learning Methods for Detection of Architectural Distortion from Digital Mammography

Classification of the breast tissues into the benign and malignant classes is a difficult assignment. The experimental results are takes 40 input images from DDSM dataset. We extract the GLCM, GLDM and Geometrical features from the mammogram images. In this paper we apply Convolution Neural Network as a classifier on the mammogram images to enhance the accuracy rate of CAD. Performance of the different classifiers is measured on receiver operating characteristic. In training stage, overall classification accuracy of 73%, with 71.5% sensitivity and 73.5% specificity for dense tissue is achieved by our proposed method along with it, accuracy of 79.23%, 73.25% sensitivity and 74.5% specificity is achieved for fatty tissue. Convolution neural network classifier is used to boost the classification performance. This classifier performs better than previous classifiers in that it shows more accuracy than the other classifiers, the misclassification rate of normal mammograms as abnormal. This approach performs good on overlapping problem. This method is different from all other approaches, which are used to identify normal mammograms by detecting cancers. Overlapped tissues are also detected by this using this classifier.

Bobbin Preet

Papers

Classification of mammogram images by using CNN classifier