Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give a state‐of‐the art overview of the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) modelDesign/methodology/approach – The strengths and weaknesses of the demand‐control model and the effort‐reward imbalance model regarding their predictive value for employee well being are discussed. The paper then introduces the more flexible JD‐R model and discusses its basic premises.Findings – The paper provides an overview of the studies that have been conducted with the JD‐R model. It discusses evidence for each of the model's main propositions. The JD‐R model can be used as a tool for human resource management. A two‐stage approach can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of individuals, work groups, departments, and organizations at large.Originality/value – This paper challenges existing stress models, and focuses on both negative and positive indicators of employee well being. In addition, it outlines how the JD‐R model can be applied to a wide range of occupations, and be used to i...

The job demands-resources model : state of the art

How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression through five stages—precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance—and individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these stages as well as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a transtheoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy.

http://cedd.org.au/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/In-Search-of-How-People-Change-Applications-to-Addictive-Behaviours.pdf

In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors.

http://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf

A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

This article presents a theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representations are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) and one standpoint on the self (own; significant other) constitute each type of self-state representation. It is proposed that different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Discrepancies between the actual/own self-state (i.e., the self-concept) and ideal self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a sitmifieant other's hopes, wishes, or aspirations for the individual) signify the absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions (e.g., disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness). In contrast, discrepancies between the actual/own self-state and ought self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a significant other's beliefs about the individual's duties, responsibilities, or obligations) signify the presence of negative outcomes, which is associated with agitation-related emotions (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness). Differences in both the relative magnitude and the accessibility of individuals' available types of self-discrepancies are predicted to be related to differences in the kinds of discomfort people are likely to experience. Correlational and experimental evidence supports the predictions of the model. Differences between self-discrepancy theory and (a) other theories of incompatible self-beliefs and (b) actual self negativity (e.g., low self-esteem) are discussed.

http://persweb.wabash.edu/facstaff/hortonr/articles%20for%20class/Higgins.pdf

Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect.

Preface PART I. CLINICAL ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION Chapter. 1 The Definition of Depression Chapter 2. Symptomatology of Depression Chapter 3. Course and Prognosis Chapter 4. Classification of the Affective Disorders Chapter 5. Neurotic and Psychotic Depressive Reactions Chapter 6. Manic-Depressive Reaction Chapter 7. Involutional Psychotic Reaction Chapter 8. Schizo-Affective Reaction PART II. EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION Chapter 9. Biological Studies of Depression Chapter 10. Psychological and Psychodynamic Studies PART III. A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF DEPRESSION Chapter 11. Resume of the Research Chapter 12. Measurement of Depression: the Depression Inventory Chapter 13. Patterns in Dreams of Depressed Patients Chapter 14. Childhood Bereavement and Adult Depression Chapter 15. Cognitive Distortions in Depression PART IV. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION Chapter 16. Theories of Depression Chapter 17. Cognition and Psychopathology Chapter 18. Development of Depression PART V. TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION Chapter 19. Pharmacotherapy Chapter 20. Electroconvulsive Therapy Chapter 21. Psychotherapy APPENDIX Depression Inventory Instructions for Administration of Depression Inventory Scoring Instructions for "Masochistic Dreams" BIBLIOGRAPHY INDICES

Depression: Causes and Treatment

Depressive Symptoms and Disorders: Diagnostic and Conceptual Considerations. The Origins of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression: A Historical Overview. The Philosophical and Theoretical Basis of Cognitive Theory. The Cognitive Theory of Depression. Descriptive Hypotheses: Negative Cognition in Depression. Descriptive Hypotheses: The Role of Negative Cognition in Depression. Descriptive Hypotheses: Selective Information Processing in Depression. Cognitive Vulnerability: Empirical Status of the Stability Hypothesis. Cognitive Vulnerability: Empirical Status of the Diathesis--Stress Hypotheses. Cognitive Vulnerability: Empirical Status of the Secondary Hypotheses. Cognitive Theory of Depression: Overview and Future Directions. References. Indexes.

Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression

The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy B A Alford & A T Beck New York: Guilford Press, 1997, 197 pp $2500 (hardback) Alford and Beck have undertaken an ambitious task in The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy The thesis of the work can be found on the first page of the introduction: "  cognitive therapy and theory not only constitute an effective, coherent, approach, but also may serve as a unifying or 'integrative' paradigm for psychopathology and effective psychotherapy" (p 1) The authors offer cognitive therapy as an " integrative therapy - a system of psychotherapy that fulfills the aims and goals of psychotherapy integration" (p 1) In so doing, they seek to clarify particular issues that concern both cognitive therapy and the integration movement within psychotherapy The text explores a) the nature and criteria for psychotherapy integration, b) theoretical coherence, c) the relationship of cognitive therapy to the psychotherapy integration movement, d) the internal and external dimensions of cognitive theory and therapy, e) the nature of human consciousness and cognition, f) the relationship of interpersonal factors to therapy process and outcome, and 9) contemporary philosophical and theoretical issues concerning cognitive therapy The book is divided into three parts Part I gives an overview of the theory and metatheory of cognitive therapy In the first chapter, the authors provide a formal statement of cognitive theory in terms of ten axioms that form the apex of a theoretical system In line with Popper's (1959) discussion of a "well-constructed theoretical system", the axioms are independent but interrelated, and numerous specific hypotheses can be derived from them Also in line with Popper's spirit of non-justificationism, Alford and Beck emphasize that the axioms are not static principles, carved in stone Cognitive theory is an evolving process The ten axioms form the core of the book's discussion for cognitive therapy as an integrative paradigm for psychotherapy and psychopathology In the second chapter Alford and Beck deal with metatheory and explore the nature of theory, focusing on issues such as the dichotomies between experimental theory and clinical practice and theories of simple versus complex phenomena, the use metaphors in describing phenomena and developing scientific theories, circular argumentation, and subjectivity in psychological science Additionally, this chapter explores the nature of cause and cognition The authors claim that "cognition provides an integrating framework for  a systems (contextual or relational) theory" (p 41) They offer "cognitive primacy" as the basic metatheoretical position that explains all other psychological processes In chapter three, Alford and Beck discuss how cognition mediates consequences They delineate the three cognitive systems that include a) the preconscious level, 2) the conscious level, and 3) the metacognitive level The authors then relate these three systems to experimental research in cognitive theory In Part II of the text, the authors discuss the relationship of cognitive therapy to the psychotherapy integration movement Chapter five presents the authors' critique of integrative ideology, delineating its problems and cognitive therapy's solutions to those problems Alford and Beck describe the integrative movement in terms of a) technical eclecticism' b) theoretical integration, and c) the common factors approach They believe each approach falls short in lacking both scientific criteria, and definition and specificity Such shortcomings lead to problems in theoretical and conceptual integrity and coherence Other problems arise in terms of the multiple meanings of "psychotherapy integration," the politics of psychotherapy integration, and discouragement of scientific debate The authors believe that such problems have led a lack of investment in scientific theories on the part of the integration movement …

The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy

Depression: Causes and treatment, 2nd ed.

Beck's content specificity hypothesis predicts distinct cognitive content within specific psychological disorders. We evaluated whether the third component of the "cognitive triad", negative view of the future (hopelessness), would be related 4 weeks later to depressive symptoms, but not to anxiety. University student participants (83 females, 71 males) were tested on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory at two points in time, separated by 4 weeks. The Hopelessness Scale was administered at time 1 and a Life Events Inventory at time 2. Concurrent cognitive content specificity was replicated. For males only, hopelessness predicted future depression severity scores, but not anxiety. Hopelessness predicted depressive symptoms over and above life event stressors, but not vice versa.

Brad A. Alford

Papers

Depression: Causes and Treatment

Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression

The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy

Depression: Causes and treatment, 2nd ed.

Hopelessness predicts future depressive symptoms: A prospective analysis of cognitive vulnerability and cognitive content specificity