Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Host plant quality is a key determinant of the fecundity of herbivorous insects. Components of host plant quality (such as carbon, nitrogen, and defensive metabolites) directly affect potential and achieved herbivore fecundity. The responses of insect herbivores to changes in host plant quality vary within and between feeding guilds. Host plant quality also affects insect reproductive strategies: Egg size and quality, the allocation of resources to eggs, and the choice of oviposition sites may all be influenced by plant quality, as may egg or embryo resorption on poor-quality hosts. Many insect herbivores change the quality of their host plants, affecting both inter- and intraspecific interactions. Higher-trophic level interactions, such as the performance of predators and parasitoids, may also be affected by host plant quality. We conclude that host plant quality affects the fecundity of herbivorous insects at both the individual and the population scale.

Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects

Half of all insect species are dependent on living plant tissues, consuming about 10% of plant annual production in natural habitats and an even greater percentage in agricultural systems, despite sophisticated control measures. Plants are generally remarkably well-protected against insect attack, with the result that most insects are highly specialized feeders. The mechanisms underlying plant resistance to invading herbivores on the one side, and insect food specialization on the other, are the main subjects of this book. For insects these include food-plant selection and the complex sensory processes involved, with their implications for learning and nutritional physiology, as well as the endocrinological spects of life cycle synchronization with host plant phenology. In the case of plants exposed to insect herbivores, they include the activation of defence systems in order to minimize damage, as well as the emission of chemical signals that may attract natural enemies of the invading herbivores and maybe exploited by neighbouring plants that mount defences as well.

Insect-plant biology

Feeding by the leafhopper, Homalodisca coagulata, in relation to xylem fluid chemistry and tension

Amino acid nutrition of herbivorous insects and stress to host plants.

The efficiency of amino acid, organic acid and sugar metabolism was quantified for adult Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) by comparing chemical profiles of xylem fluid (food source) and insect exudate. Leafhoppers were confined in Parafilm® sachets to stems of 4 host plants: [Baccharis halimifolia (L.), Lagerstroemia indica (L.), Prunus salicina (Lindl.), Prunus persica (L.), Batsch]. Insect feeding rates (0.09-0.27 ml h−1***), exudate osmolarity (7.8–12.8 mM) and exudate composition (mainly inorganic entities) were characteristic of a xylem feeder. Total organic solute concentration in the xylem fluid of B. halimifolia, L. indica, P. salicina and P. persica was ca. 9.4, 13,8, 5.5 and 1.8 mM, respectively. Nineteen protein amino acids, 7 organic acids and 3 or 4 sugars were identified in the xylem fluid. Total amino acids, organic acids and sugars were metabolized with ca. 99% efficiency. Glutamine, asparagine, arginine and citric, malic and succinic acids, the predominant organic compounds in the xylem fluid of all four plant species, were metabolized with greater than 99% efficiency. Cysteine (51%), methionine (74%) and oxalic acid (77%) were metabolized with the lowest efficiency. The primary nitrogenous waste was NH+4; uric acid or urea were not detected. Nitrogen retention was generally less than 60% of dietary nitrogen. High feeding rates, ammonotelism and an extremely high metabolic efficiency of organic compounds permit H. coagulata to subsist on the dilute and skewed chemical profile of xylem fluid.



Resume

Metabolisms des acides amines, des acides organiques et des sucres extraits de la seve du xyleme de quatre plantes-hotes par Homalodisca coagulata



L'efficacite du metabolisme des amino-acides, des acides organiques et des sucres a ete quantifiee chez des H. coagulata Say (Ho***rn. Cicadellidae) adultes, en comparant la composition chimique de la seve du xyleme et du miellat des insectes. Les cicadelles ont ete maintenues dans des sachets de parafilm avec des tiges de 4 plantes hotes: Baccharis halimifolia L., Lagerstroemia indica L., Prunus salicina Lindl. et Prunus persica Batsch. Le taux de consommation (0,09 a 0,27 ml hr−1, l'osmolarite du miellat (7,8 a 12,8 mM) et la composition du miellat (principalement des elements inorganiques) sont caracteristiques des consommateurs de xyleme. Les concentrations organiques totales en solute de la seve du xyleme etaient respectivement: 9,4; 13,8; 5,5; et 1,8 mM chez B. halimifolia, L. indica, P. salicina et P. persica. 19 amino acides proteiques, 7 acides organiques et 3 ou 4 sucres ont ete identifies dans la seve du xyleme. Les acides amines, les acides organiques et les sucres ont ete metabolises dans leur ensemble avec une efficacite de 99%. La glutamine, l'asparagine, l'arginine et les acides citrique, malique et succinique, - les principaux composes organiques de la seve du xyleme de ces 4 plantes, - ont ete metabolises avec plus de 99% d'efficacite. La cysteine (51%), la methionine (74%) et l'acide oxalique (77%) ont ete metabolises avec une plus faible efficacite. Le dechet azote primarie etait NH+4; l'acide urique et luree n'ont pas ete deceles. La fixation d'azote a ete generalement inferieure a 60% de l'azote consomme. Des taux de consommation eleves, l'ammonotelisme et une efficacite extremement elevee du metabolisme des composes organiques permettent a H. coagulata de survivre malgre la composition chimique biaisee et la dilution de la seve du xyleme.

Metabolism of amino acids, organic acids and sugars extracted from the xylem fluid of four host plants by adult Homalodisca coagulata

Homalodisca coagulata is a highly polyphagous xylem feeder with distinct seasonal patterns in it's selection of host plants. These patterns were examined in relation to the amino acid content of the xylem for four common host species; Lagerstroemia indica, Baccharis halimifolia, Prunus persica, and Prunus salicina. Xylem fluid was collected from each host species at times when numbers of feeding leafhoppers were both low and high. In each case, concentrations of amino acids were greatest when numbers were high. Similarly, comparisons between host species at given times showed that concentrations of amino acids were positively correlated with host selection. In a second study, amino acids of xylem were manipulated by budding scions of a non-preferred host (P. persica) on rootstocks of preferred (P. salinica) and non-preferred (P. persica) hosts. Morphology and phenology of the budded trees were similar to that of the scion species yet the xylem composition of amino acids was primarily dependent on the rootstock. Concentrations of amino acids and the preference of leafhoppers were roughly two-fold greater for scions of the preferred than the non-preferred rootstock. In both studies, amides (glutamine plus asparagine) were the amino acids most highly correlated with host selection. These compounds are the predominant amino acids in xylem fluid, have high nitrogen to carbon ratios, and account for a high percentage of the caloric value in xylem fluid. Many of the less abundant amino acids were positively correlated with host preference, but the correlations were less consistent and correlation coefficients were generally lower.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4219342

Amino acids as determinants of host preference for the xylem feeding leafhopper, Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae).

In a 2-year study, we manipulated flower chemistry of field grown Lycopersicon esculentum in North Florida and examined subsequent effects on populations of Frankliniella occidentalis. We examined variation in amino-acid profiles and total nitrogen concentrations of flowers, flower number and plant size seasonally and in response to variable rates of nitrogen fertilization (202 kg ha -1 and 309 kg ha -1 ). Populations of F. occidentalis sampled every 6 to 10 days were then related to seasonal and treatment effects on plant variables. For both years, F. occidentalis was abundant on L. esculentum tomatoes for only short intervals (2-3 weeks), and populations were significantly higher on hosts receiving higher rates of nitrogen fertilization. Seasonal trends in F. occidentalis on L. esculentum were correlated to number of flowers per host plant, as well as concentrations of total nitrogen in flowers. Moreover, treatment (fertilization) effects were consistent with changes in the nitrogen status of flowers. Plants subjected to higher fertilization rates produced flowers that had higher nitrogen content as well as variations in amino-acid profiles during the period of peak thrips populations. Abundance of F. occidentalis (particularly adult females) were most highly correlated to flower concentrations of phenylalanine during population peaks. Our results are consistent with beneficial effects of high dietary nitrogen to thrips populations, and also support the hypothesis that aromatic amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine) play a central role in the nutritional ecology of F. occidentalis.

Brent V. Brodbeck

Papers

Feeding by the leafhopper, Homalodisca coagulata, in relation to xylem fluid chemistry and tension

Amino acid nutrition of herbivorous insects and stress to host plants.

Metabolism of amino acids, organic acids and sugars extracted from the xylem fluid of four host plants by adult Homalodisca coagulata

Amino acids as determinants of host preference for the xylem feeding leafhopper, Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae).

Flower nitrogen status and populations of Frankliniella occidentalis feeding on Lycopersicon esculentum