This article is a review of some of the major epidemiological, behavioral, biological, and integrative prevention research issues and priorities in the area of HIV_AIDS and alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol increases both the risk for infection with HIV and related illnesses and the morbidity and mortality of patients who progress to AIDS. New and improved measurement procedures have helped in assessment of the complex patterns of alcohol use, identification of intervening explanatory mechanisms for risk behaviors and contexts, and determination of intervention outcomes. Both the direct and indirect effects of alcohol misuse appear to be major contributors to both the risk for infection with HIV and the transmission of HIV_AIDS at the individual and population levels. There is increasing evidence that perhaps no level of alcohol consumption is “safe” for those who are HIV infected and receiving antiretroviral treatment. Interdisciplinary basic behavioral and biomedical research is needed to develop co...

/pdf/expanding-research-on-the-role-of-alcohol-consumption-and-4o635rn36u.pdf

Expanding research on the role of alcohol consumption and related risks in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

Renal extraction and urinary excretion of 125I-labelled beta2-microglobulin was studied in rats. The effect of ischaemic renal injury, experimental pyelonephritis, and unilateral nephrectomy was investigated. The tubular secretion of o-iodohippurate (OIH) was measured for comparison. The urinary excretion was calculated as the ratio between the clearance of protein and the glomerular filtration rate. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated as clearance of polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000). The renal arteriovenous concentration difference was lower for beta2-microglobulin than for PEG 1000 IN ALL THE EXperimental groups. In unilateral renal disease the beta2-microglobulin excretion of the intact kidneys was similar to that of the diseased kidneys. A significant differences was noted only after ischaemic renal injury. The same was found for OIH. After removal of the intact kidneys the excretion of beta2-microglobulin increased about 10-fold in pyelonephritic animals and 2- to 30-fold in animals with ischaemic renal injury. One hour after unilateral nephrectomy in normal animals the ratio increased about 50 per cent. The tubular secretion of OIH did not change noticeably. It is concluded that the glomerular filtration is a main step in the intrarenal catabolism of beta2-microglobin and that its urinary excretion is considerably influenced by a reduction in the functioning kidney mass.

Renal Handling of β2-Microglobulin in Experimental Renal Disease

Experimental acute pyelonephritis caused by enterobacteria in animals. A review.

Background: Scarring is one of the steps of excessive wound healing, causing dysfunction of the involved tissues and clinically poor cosmetics. The aim of this study was to examine

Effect of a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor on Renal Scarring

The OBJECTIVE of the study was to create a model of acute hematogenous pyelonephritis in the rat without causing urinary retention by ligation of the ureter Mixed bacterial suspension containing 15 x 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) of S aureus and 30 x 10(6) CFU of E coli was inoculated in the caudal vein at a dose of 05 ml/kg Control animals received the same amount of saline solution Pyelonephritis was confirmed by lab urine tests and histopathological study of the kidneys Infected animals initially developed sepsis with a significant increase of leukocytes and C-reactive protein in the blood Originally only bacteriuria was found in the urine of experimental animals, but later, in the course of the development of pyelonephritis (12-18 days), leucocyturia and active leukocytes (glitter cells) were also available in urine The levels of beta-2 microglobulin in the urine of infected animals (402 +/- 004 mmol/l on day 16 and 418 + 007 mmol/l on day 18) were significantly highly increased (p <00001) in comparison with the value of the control group (0088 +/- 0005 mmol/l) In the early days the histopathological examination of the kidneys established erythrocyte stasis Later leukocyte infiltrates were observed in the interstitial tissue around the kidney tubules, glomeruli and vascular walls, and inflammatory cell infiltration and degenerative changes were present in the epithelium of the canaliculi Combined hematogenous infection with S aureus and E coli led to the development of pyelonephritis in rats The pathology in the kidney tubules was confirmed by histopathological study and by the elevated levels of beta-2 microglobulin and the presence of active leukocytes in urine

A model of experimental acute hematogenous pyelonephritis in the rat

Pyelonephritis was induced in Wistar rats either by intravenous injection of E. coli after temporary occlusion of one ureter or by intravesical injection. The route of infection and course of the disease were controlled by histological, immunohistological and bacteriological studies. The following results were obtained.1.Following both intravenous and intravesical bacterial inefction the kidney is infected via the blood stream. The bacteria reach the tubular lumen after passing through the glomerules, multiply there and penetrate from the tubular epithelium into the interstitial space. The urine carries them into the renal pelvis and they invade the renal interstitium by retrograde ascension.2.In the chronic phase of pyelonephritis the antigen is localized in the big phagocytes of the inflammatory infiltrates, the cellular tubular casts, epithelium and connective tissue, especially in contracted kidneys.3.In the chronic phase of pyelonephritis it is often impossible to detect bacteria. Since in such cases the bacterial antigen is found by immune-histological methods, the hypothesis of the further progression of pyelonephritis by antibody reactions against bacterial antigen in the kidney is supported.

Experimental pyelonephritis. Route of infection, course and immunological aspects.

According to Kass, a significant bacteriuria means that there are more than 105 germs/ml in the urine. Every bacteriuria needs intensive therapy, otherwise, even if asymptomatic, in a high percentage pyelonephritis will develop. A comparative investigation of 1167 urine samples showed that of the screening tests the modified Griess test was the most reliable (91.8%). The TTC test was positive in 76%. More than 90% positive results were obtained by Gram staining of centrifuged urine. Midstream collection of urine was used in every case. The results in chronic pyelonephritis and pregnancy with bacteriuria emphasize the necessity of intermittent long-term treatment. For this therapy schedule was developed. Preconditions for a successful treatment are: a differentiation of germs and the preparation of an antibiogram.

Briedigkeit H

Papers

Experimental pyelonephritis. Route of infection, course and immunological aspects.

Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis, diagnosis and treatment