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NOTE The report of the Committee without its annexes appears as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 46. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The country names used in this document are, in most cases, those that were in use at the time the data were collected or the text prepared. In other cases, however, the names have been updated, where this was possible and appropriate, to reflect political changes. Scientific Annexes Annex A. Medical radiation exposures Annex B. Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation INTROdUCTION 1. In the course of the research and development for and the application of atomic energy and nuclear technologies, a number of radiation accidents have occurred. Some of these accidents have resulted in significant health effects and occasionally in fatal outcomes. The application of technologies that make use of radiation is increasingly widespread around the world. Millions of people have occupations related to the use of radiation, and hundreds of millions of individuals benefit from these uses. Facilities using intense radiation sources for energy production and for purposes such as radiotherapy, sterilization of products, preservation of foodstuffs and gamma radiography require special care in the design and operation of equipment to avoid radiation injury to workers or to the public. Experience has shown that such technology is generally used safely, but on occasion controls have been circumvented and serious radiation accidents have ensued. 2. Reviews of radiation exposures from accidents have been presented in previous UNSCEAR reports. The last report containing an exclusive chapter on exposures from accidents was the UNSCEAR 1993 Report [U6]. 3. This annex is aimed at providing a sound basis for conclusions regarding the number of significant radiation accidents that have occurred, the corresponding levels of radiation exposures and numbers of deaths and injuries, and the general trends for various practices. Its conclusions are to be seen in the context of the Committee's overall evaluations of the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. 4. The Committee's evaluations of public, occupational and medical diagnostic exposures are mostly concerned with chronic exposures of …

sources and effects of ionizing radiation

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Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer : a Global Perspective : 食物、栄養、身体活動とがんの予防 : 世界的展望(後篇)

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied for the evaluation of temporal/spatial variations and the interpretation of a large complex water quality data set of the Fuji river basin, generated during 8 years (1995–2002) monitoring of 12 parameters at 13 different sites (14 976 observations). Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 13 sampling sites into three clusters, i.e., relatively less polluted (LP), medium polluted (MP) and highly polluted (HP) sites, based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. Factor analysis/principal component analysis, applied to the data sets of the three different groups obtained from cluster analysis, resulted in five, five and three latent factors explaining 73.18, 77.61 and 65.39% of the total variance in water quality data sets of LP, MP and HP areas, respectively. The varifactors obtained from factor analysis indicate that the parameters responsible for water quality variations are mainly related to discharge and temperature (natural), organic pollution (point source: domestic wastewater) in relatively less polluted areas; organic pollution (point source: domestic wastewater) and nutrients (non-point sources: agriculture and orchard plantations) in medium polluted areas; and organic pollution and nutrients (point sources: domestic wastewater, wastewater treatment plants and industries) in highly polluted areas in the basin. Discriminant analysis gave the best results for both spatial and temporal analysis. It provided an important data reduction as it uses only six parameters (discharge, temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity and nitrate nitrogen), affording more than 85% correct assignations in temporal analysis, and seven parameters (discharge, temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrate nitrogen and ammonical nitrogen), affording more than 81% correct assignations in spatial analysis, of three different sampling sites of the basin. Therefore, DA allowed a reduction in the dimensionality of the large data set, delineating a few indicator parameters responsible for large variations in water quality. Thus, this study illustrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of complex data sets, and in water quality assessment, identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding temporal/spatial variations in water quality for effective river water quality management.

Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan

Thank you for reading computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite books like this computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their laptop.

Computation And Interpretation Of Biological Statistics Of Fish Populations

Main Factors Affecting the Composition of Natural Waters, O.P. Bricker and B.F. Jones Trace Chemistry Processes, P. Benes and E. Steinnes Strategies of Sampling, Fractionation, and Analysis, B. Salbu and D.H. Oughton Data Analysis and Statistical Methods, N.B. Vogt, S. Andersen, M. Schaanning, and R.D. Vogt Precipitation, H.B. Ross and S.J. Vermette Interstitial Waters, J. Hong, W. Calmano, and U. Forstner Groundwater, B. Allard Trace Elements in Lakes, H. Borg Trace Elements in Rivers, B.T. Hart and T. Hines Trace Metals in Estuaries, G.E. Millward and A. Turner Trace Elements in the Oceans, J.R. Donat and K.W. Bruland State of the Art and Future Trends, B. Salbu and E. Steinnes Index

Trace Elements in Natural Waters

When radioactive particles are released into the environment, information on the size distribution pattern, radionuclide and matrix composition, morphology and structure is essential for assessing weathering and the subsequent mobilisation and biological uptake of associated radionuclides. The particle characteristics will depend on the source in question in addition to the release scenario, dispersion processes and deposition conditions. Following high temperature accident scenarios associated with nuclear installations (e.g., Chernobyl accident) a range of different uranium fuel particles and condensed particles were observed, varying in composition, morphology and structure (e.g., crystalline and amorphous phases). Following low temperature releases (e.g., prefire Winscale releases), flake-like uranium fuel particles significantly different from those collected at Chernobyl were identified. Furthermore, a major fraction of radionuclides in effluents from reactors and reprocessing plant during normal operations are associated with particles and colloids. Hence the presence of radioactive particles or colloids in releases from nuclear sources occurs more frequently than usually expected. After deposition, weathering of particles occurs and associated radionuclides are mobilised with time. Hence the transfer of mobilised radionuclides within the ecosystem will be delayed until weathering takes place, and the assessment of short term consequences of releases may be overestimated if particles are present. The weathering rate will depend on the particle composition (e.g., UO2 fuel), structural changes occurring during the event (e.g., transformation from UO2 to U3O8) and chemical conditions after deposition (e.g., pH, redox). Unless the impact of particle weathering is taken into account, assessment of mobilisation, transfer and long-term consequences of radionuclide releases may be underestimated. In order to improve the predicting power of transport models, ecosystem transfer models and dose assessment models, experimental information is required with respect to source term radionuclide speciation and in particular the association of radionuclides with particles and colloids, influencing mobility and biological uptake. This work was therefore focused on analytical techniques applicable to the fractionation, identification and characterisation of radioactive particles and colloids (e.g., hollow fibre fractionation, electron microscopic techniques and reactivity studies) released from a source and deposited in the environment. Results from research carried out during several years at the authors’ laboratory are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the techniques.

Characterisation of radioactive particles in the environment

The mixing zone between limed and acidic river waters: complex aluminium chemistry and extreme toxicity for salmonids.

In this study, a new parallel and sequential extraction procedure was proposed to investigate the solubility of metals [cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni)] and their association with soil components in naturally metal‐rich soils of Norway. Two different soils, alum shale (clay loam) and moraine (loam), developed on alum shale minerals were used. Each soil had two pH levels. For parallel and successive extractions, H2O, 0.1M NH4OAc (soil pH), 0.3M NH4OAc (soil pH), 1M NH4OAc (soil pH), and 1M NH4OAc (pH 5.0) were used. A significant amount of Cd was extracted by NH4O Ac related to concentration of NH4OAc in the extracting solution. The amounts of Zn, Cu, and Ni extracted by these reagents were almost negligible except with 1M NH4OAc (pH 5.0). Thus these metals were strongly bound to soil components. A seven step sequential extraction procedure was applied to evaluate the association of metals with soil constituents. The extractions were performed sequentially by extracting the s...

Association of cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel with components in naturally heavy metal‐rich soils studied by parallel and sequential extractions

Measurements performed in 1986–1988 demonstrate that most of the radiocesium isotopes (137Cs and134Cs) deposited after the Chernobyl accident are still located in the upper soil layers (0–2 cm). The vertical migration appears to be slow, and only a small fraction of the radiocesium has been transferred into the biological cycle. Sequential extraction techniques have been utilized in order to investigate the degree of binding or association between deposited radionuclides (137Cs,134Cs and90Sr) and components in soil. The results indicate that a major fraction of the radiocesium is associated strongly with organic and mineral materials in the litter or upper soil layers: less than 10% is easily leachable. The distribution of137Cs throughout the fractions was similar to that determined for naturally occurring stable cesium (133Cs), implying that isotopic exchange had been extensive. For90Sr, the results show a relatively high leachable fraction. Therefore, present results indicate that radiocesium should be less mobile, and less available for root uptake, than90Sr in soil.

Brit Salbu

Papers

Trace Elements in Natural Waters

Characterisation of radioactive particles in the environment

The mixing zone between limed and acidic river waters: complex aluminium chemistry and extreme toxicity for salmonids.

Association of cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel with components in naturally heavy metal‐rich soils studied by parallel and sequential extractions

A study on radionuclide association with soil components using a sequential extraction procedure