Publisher Summary This chapter deals with more recent knowledge of the morphology and biology, pathology and laboratory diagnosis of T. vuginalis, with clinical aspects of trichomoniasis in women, men and children, and with the epidemiology and treatment of this infection. Trichomonas vaginalis is known as a ‘harmless commensal of the human vagina. “Trichomonadenkolpitis = trichomoniasis” of women whose vaginae contained many of these flagellates. The concept of T. raginalis as a primary pathogenic parasite was only gradually accepted. Without a doubt, T. iuginalis is the commonest of the human trichomonads and “Trichomonadenkolpitis” does exist despite the sceptical adverse views of some prominent older gynaecologists. Serological and immunobiological investigations have been only of theoretical interest until the present, because the finding of T. vaginalis by cultivation or direct microscopical examination is easier and more reliable. In mostly symptomless trichomoniasis of man, however, such investigations could be important. It seems that the divergences reported by different authors, may be due to the antigenic structure of the individual T. vaginalis strains.

Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis.

SYNOPSIS. Discussion of the systematic relationships and of the evolutionary trends among the 4 families, Monocerco-monadidae, Devescovinidae, Calonymphidae, and Trichomonadidae of the order Trichomonadida includes a consideration of 8 subfamilies, 3 of them new. The genera of Devescovinidae and Calonymphidae, all of which are limited in their distribution to lower termites, are not considered; those of Monocercomonadidae and Trichomonadidae are discussed in the light of the information pertaining to their structure, morphogenesis, distribution, and host-parasite relationship. Diagnoses are given for 6 subfamilies and 14 genera belonging to the latter two families, which are diagnosed also. Type genera are designated for each family and subfamily that is discussed, and type species are designated for each of the 14 genera. A complete synonymy is presented for each type species. Two new species, one of Monocercomonas and another of Tritrichomonas are named and diagnosed.



The paper includes a key to all the families and subfamilies of the order and to the genera of Monocercomonadidae and Trichomonadidae.

Evolutionary and systematic relationships in the flagellate order Trichomonadida Kirby.

Post-Congress Volumes of the 6th International Congress of Protozoology (Warsaw, 5-11 July 1981), which are to include texts or extensive summaries (similar to those found in the \"Actuali t ies\" of the previous Congresses) of the Invited Lectures, Symposia, and the Round-Table Discussion on Systematics, will appear under the title \"Progress in Protozoology.\" Part I of the \"Progress\" is already available; Part II will be available in 1983. The price for persons who have not already paid for the Post-Congress publications is U.S. $20.00 for each volume, including the cost of mailing. Please fill out the enclosed order form and mail it to Prof. Stanislaw Dryl, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteura Street, 02-093 Warszawa, POLAND. Personal checks and Money Orders are to be payable to the Account No. 1111-280893-151-4787, National Bank of Poland, IXO/M, Warsaw, POLAND.

Progress in Protozoology

CHAPTER 2 – Trichomonads of Veterinary Importance

With the large majority of beef cattle and increasing numbers of dairy cattle in North America bred by natural service, venereal disease is still prevalent. Several agents can be transmitted by coitus, but the classical two are still Campylobacter fetus venerealis and Tritri-chomonas foetus. Their epidemiology is essentially identical, and indeed much of the pathophysiology is very similar, so the two should be considered simultaneously in most diagnostic situations. In this article, means of diagnosis, treatment (where appropriate), and prevention are discussed at both the individual and herd level. A brief mention is made of other potential venereal agents, including Haemophilus somnus, Ureaplasm diversum, and Leptospira borgpetersenii.

https://www.vetfood.theclinics.com/article/S0749-0720(05)00032-0/pdf

Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines in their control

Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis: A clinical and biologic study

As a part of continuing investigations into the factors of trichomonad pathogenicity, a histopathologic study has been conducted of subcutaneous lesions produced in C57B1/6J mice by various strains of Trichomonas vaginalis (TVC1, TVC, TV 1, TV 3) and of T. gallinae (JB, TG, YG). The basic mechanisms of reaction are defined and their relationships discussed. Relative pathogenicity of the various strains is assessed on the basis of host tissue reaction. The progressive stage of the reaction to the medium utilized (control) involves the first 8 hr; thereafter, resolution ensues. The process is that of acute inflammation terminating as a well-delineated foreign body reaction. With the introduction of trichomonads, the added duration of the stage of progression continues for periods of time which vary with the strain of organism. In the case of the most virulent strains, this progression is actively continuing at the time of termination of these experiments (2 weeks). The mechanisms of progression in all strains studied are orderly and involve: influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; multiplication of the parasites; death of the leukocytes; destruction of host tissues with lysis of the abscess wall, edema of the surrounding tissues, and spreading of the flagellates; influx of leukocytes; remultiplication of the organisms and continuation of the cycle. This cyclic progression results in pure mantles of either leukocytes or of trichomonads formed against the inner wall of the injection pocket. Both the precise picture and time sequence vary with the strain of the organism and are related to its pathogenicity. Strains studied which were handled less efficiently by the mouse were also more pathogenic to their natural hosts. Recently one of the authors (Honigberg, 1961) published a report on the comparative pathogenicity of strains of the human genital flagellate, Trichomonas vaginalis Donne, and of strains of the morphologically closely related avian parasite, Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta). The investigation involved the study of gross pathology of lesions produced in purebred mice Received for publication 26 July 1962. *This investigation was supported by research grants CT-805(Cll), from the National Cancer Institute, and E 742, from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service. t The authors are indebted to Drs. James E. Cavanagh, Leon Jacobs, A. B. Kupferberg, and Robert Stabler for providing the several strains of parasites employed in this investigation. The technical assistance of Mesdames M. C. Livingston and M. T. McLure, and of Mr. Jagabandhu Mitter is also acknowledged. by subcutaneous inoculations of several axenically m intained strains of each of the two trichomon d species. The relative pathogenicity of the strains to mice was evaluated by statistical comparison of the mean volumes of such lesions. There appeared to be a close correlation between the volumes of the abcesses caused by the parasite strains in the experimental hosts and the degree of pathogenicity observed in the natural hosts infected either naturally or experimentally with these

Comparative pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas gallinae to mice. II. Histopathology of subcutaneous lesions.

Continued in vitro cultivation at 37.5 C of the highly virulent Jones' Barn strain of Trichomonas gallinae was accompanied by gradual loss of pathogenicity for Trichomonas-free, nonimmune domestic pigeons. This virulence loss was about twice as rapid when the organisms were isolated with the use of penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin as when they were isolated without such agents. Pathogenicity was rapidly restored, however, to its original virulence level by serial pigeon-topigeon passage of the trichomonads. Whereas attenuation occurred in organisms maintained at incubator temperatures, virulent trichomonads frozen and maintained at subzero temperatures (-19 C and -72 C) showed no decrease in pathogenicity when thawed and placed in appropriate pigeons following 52 weeks at -72 C. Trichomonads maintained at 37.5 C for 98 weeks became so attenuated that they failed to elicit an immune response in infected birds, a reaction characteristic of normal, avirulent T. gallinae. Both Bos (1934) and Gloor (1943) noted that Trichomonas gallinae lost its virulence for pigeons following long-term in vitro cultivation. Gloor stated that this lost virulence could be partly recovered by the passage of the trichomonads through squabs. Meleney, Frye, and Leathers (1939) felt that long-term cultivation had not been shown to deprive completely any strain of Entamoeba histolytica of its virulence for kittens. The freezing and maintenance of protozoan cultures at subzero temperatures were initiated in an attempt to avoid the chores and consequences of long-term in vitro cultivation. In general, the results have been successful. Manwell (1943) and Wolfson (1945) maintained various species of bird malaria at temperatures as low as -78 C, and for periods up to 1 year. They noted only mild changes in infectivity of the thawed organisms from the controls, and Wolfson reported restored virulence following a few animal passages. Jeffery and Rendtorff (1955), using three malaria species from man, Received for publication 3 September 1963. * This investigation was supported by Research Grant AI-00742 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service. froze sporozoites and asexual stages to about -70 C and kept them for over a year. The thawed sporozoites showed only slightly longer prepatent periods than those derived from mosquito bites. Weinman and McAllister (1947) maintained a variety of protozoa at -70 C, finding that some of the thawed organisms successfully infected laboratory animals after 20 months freezing. They failed, however, in their experiments with Entamoeba histolytica. On the other hand, Diamond, Meryman, and Kafig (1961, 1963) successfully cultured this ameba (as well as certain trichomonads and trypanosomatids) following its freezing and holding in liquid nitrogen (-196 C) up to 14 months. Much of the work on the freezing and subzero maintenance of trichomonads has been done by McEntegart (1954-Trichomonas vaginalis, T. gallinae, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Tritrichomonas foetus); Levine and Marquardt (1955-T. foetus); Levine and Andersen (1961-T. foetus); Levine, Andersen, Losh, Notzold, and Mehra (1962-T. foetus); Honigberg and King (1962-T. vaginalis, T. gallinae); and Diamond, Meryman, and Kafig (1963-T. vaginalis, T. gallinae, P. hominis, T. foetus). The results indicate that the quick-

Effect of certain laboratory procedures on virulence of the Jones' Barn strain of Trichomonas gallinae for pigeons.

Structure and morphogenesis of two new species of Hexamastix from lizards.

With dimethyl sulfoxide as the cryoprotectant, axenic cultures of three isolates (JBIV, JBV, JBVI) of the Jones' Barn (JB) Trichomonas gallinae strain retained their original virulence for pigeons after 5, 5.5, and 7 years of storage at subzero temperatures, primarily in liquid nitrogen at -196 C. The closely comparable times required by noncloned and cloned populations of the JBVI trichomonads to kill Trichomonas-free, nonimmune pigeons indicated the homogeneity of the JB strain with respect to virulence. Although higher pathogenicity for birds was retained by the JBVI parasites maintained for 1 year by serial intraperitoneal passages in mice than by those kept for the same length of time in nonliving media, it was much lower than the virulence typical of the JB strain. The flagellates transferred in mice did not kill the avian hosts and their original pathogenicity levels could not be restored by several bird-to-bird passages. Nearly full virulence for pigeons was retained by the JBVI isolate which had been maintained for up to 1 year in the presence of chick liver cell cultures. Cell culture medium-CPLM mixture had no virulence-preserving effect. JBV trichomonads kept for 22.5 weeks in a CPLM-type medium, which contained no added carbohydrates and in which little division of the parasites took place, appeared to retain their pathogenicity for birds for a longer time than when maintained in the conventional CPLM and fluid thioglycollate media. The first report on the effects of various laboratory procedures on the virulence for pigeons of the Jones' Barn (JB) strain of Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta) summarized the experimental results obtained during the early stages of our study (Stabler et al., 1964). According to these results: (1) prolonged (19 to 21 weeks) axenic cultivation of the JB parasites by serial transfers in nonliving media at 37 + 0.5 C caused pathogenicity loss; (2) trichReceived for publication 12 March 1970. * This investigation was supported by Research Grant AI00742, from the NIAID, U. S. Public Health Service. t Department of Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903. t Permanent address: Department of Protozoology, Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Dr. Kulda spent 2 years as Research Associate in the Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. During this period he was supported mainly by Research Grants AI00742-13, 14, from NIAID; part of his support was provided by Biomedical Sciences Support Grant 5-SO5-FR07083-03, U. S. Public Health Service. ? The help of Mrs. Mary Tarr Hadley in certain parts of this investigation is hereby acknowledged. omonads stored at -20 or -72 C for 52 weeks retained their original virulence level; (3) pathogenicity loss was enhanced by the inclusion of penicillin and streptomycin in the original isolation medium (the JB flagellates ceased to kill nonimmune pigeons after 9 weeks of cultivation at 37 ? 0.3 C). These findings, which served as the basis for subsequent immunologic (Goldman and Honigberg, 1968; Honigberg and Goldman, 1968; Stepkowski and Honigberg, in Honigberg, 1969) and biochemical (Honigberg and Livingston, 1968) studies, suggested undertaking additional investigations of the ways whereby different laboratory procedures might affect the virulence of the JB strain. The present paper deals with the results obtained in the course of these investiga-

Bronislaw M. Honigberg

Papers

Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis: A clinical and biologic study

Comparative pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas gallinae to mice. II. Histopathology of subcutaneous lesions.

Effect of certain laboratory procedures on virulence of the Jones' Barn strain of Trichomonas gallinae for pigeons.

Structure and morphogenesis of two new species of Hexamastix from lizards.

Further Observations on the Effects of Various Laboratory Procedures on the Virulence of Trichomonas gallinae for Pigeons