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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting....

Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

It is now shown that coupled optical microcavities bear all the hallmarks of parity–time symmetry; that is, the system’s dynamics are unchanged by both time-reversal and mirror transformations. The resonant nature of microcavities results in unusual effects not seen in previous photonic analogues of parity–time-symmetric systems: for example, light travelling in one direction is resonantly enhanced but there are no resonance peaks going the other way.

Parity–time-symmetric whispering-gallery microcavities

We describe devices in which optics and fluidics are used synergistically to synthesize novel functionalities. Fluidic replacement or modification leads to reconfigurable optical systems, whereas the implementation of optics through the microfluidic toolkit gives highly compact and integrated devices. We categorize optofluidics according to three broad categories of interactions: fluid–solid interfaces, purely fluidic interfaces and colloidal suspensions. We describe examples of optofluidic devices in each category.

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Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications.

With the fast consumption of transmission bandwidth, the gain flattened erbium-doped fiber amplifies (EDFA) now became an essential element for realizing high capacity long-haul wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems. Most recent development now includes long wavelength amplifiers, which can support more than 80 nm's of the wide, flat gain window when combined with the normal EDFA. There has not been serious investigation on the temperature effect on the multichannel gain of the EDFA, which could degrade even the most well-designed, gain flattened EDFA performances. Further, even for those existing few reports on this issue so far, the investigation have been restricted to a single EDFA, missing the accumulated effect of multichannel gain distortion from the cascaded EDFA systems. Part of the reason for this lack of study on the EDFA link under temperature fluctuation, lies in the complication of the experiment which require many resources in temperature-varying environments. In the paper, as a reasonable alternative for this kind of study, we numerically investigate the influence of the accumulated effect of temperature-induced, multi-channel gain distortion after a 50-EDFA chain. Results show significant reductions on the transmission distance, especially for the signal band around 1530 nm.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6572/17626/00817762.pdf

Simulation for the effect of cascaded gain-temperature dependence on 40 channel-50 EDFA WDM link under temperature fluctuations

Transformation optics provide a novel method of controlling the propagation of light. By applying it to a resonant optical cavity, whispering gallery modes can be restored in an optical cavity of deformed boundary.

Designing whispering gallery modes via transformation optics

This study presents a new fabrication method for high frequency nanomechanical resonators by utilizing carbon layers with embedded single walled carbon-nanotube layers. The carbon layers, fabricated by pyrolysis of photo- or electron beam resists, showed low-density and moderate Young's modulus which is suitable to sensitive nanodevices. The carbon-nanotube layers underneath carbon layers enhanced conductivity and Young's modulus while maintaining low-density of carbon nanoresonators. These two layers are fashioned into doubly clamped nanomechanical beams by electron beam lithography and carbon dry etching processes. Dynamic behaviors such as resonant frequency and Q-factor are investigated using magnetomotive detection method.

Fabrication of carbon nanomechanical resonators with embedded single walled carbon nanotube stiffening layers

Chirality is a universal feature in nature, as observed in fermion interactions and DNA helicity. Much attention has been given to chiral interactions of light, not only regarding its physical interpretation but also focusing on intriguing phenomena in excitation, absorption, refraction, and topological phase. Although recent progress in metamaterials has spurred artificial engineering of chirality, most approaches are founded on the same principle of the mixing of electric and magnetic responses. Here we propose nonmagnetic chiral interactions of light based on low-dimensional eigensystems. Exploiting the mixing of amplifying and decaying electric modes in a complex material, the low-dimensionality in polarization space having a chiral eigenstate is realized, in contrast to 2-dimensional eigensystems in previous approaches. The existence of optical spin black hole from low-dimensional chirality is predicted, and singular interactions between chiral waves are confirmed experimentally in parity-time-symmetric metamaterials.

Chiral interactions of light induced by low-dimensional dynamics in complex potentials

Increasing demands on the high capacity wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) transmission system now require newly developed transmission windows beyond the gain bandwidth supported by erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) With the intensive development efforts on new rare-earth dopants and fiber nonlinearity (Raman process) for fast few years, wideband optical amplifiers now can support easily over 4-5 fold wider gain bandwidth than it was formerly possible with the conventional EDFAs Of various breeds for this application, there exist three distinct approaches near 150nm band, accessible in the commercial market These include: Thulium-doped fluoride fiber amplifiers (TDFA) for S+band (1450-1480 nm) and S band (1480-1530 nm), EDFAs for C band (1530-1560nm) and L band (1570-1610nm) and L band (1570-1610nm), Raman amplifiers with 100 nm's of gain bandwidth (with flexible location from S+ to L Band), and hybrid amplifiers with serial/parallel combinations of above techniques Even though there have been much increased experimental reports for all of these amplifiers, the complexity of the amplification dynamics from the number of involving energy levels and difficulty in measuring experimental parameters make it harder than ever to predict the performance of wideband amplifiers in general This lack of serious study on the analytic or numerical analysis on wideband amplifiers could cause the future impairments for the prediction and estimation of the amplifier performances for different applications, restricting the successful deployment of wideband amplifier based transmission systems In this paper, we present the numerical model and analysis techniques for wideband amplifiers (C/L band EDFA, Raman amplifier, and TDFA),along with their application examples

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Bumki Min

Papers

Simulation for the effect of cascaded gain-temperature dependence on 40 channel-50 EDFA WDM link under temperature fluctuations

Designing whispering gallery modes via transformation optics

Fabrication of carbon nanomechanical resonators with embedded single walled carbon nanotube stiffening layers

Chiral interactions of light induced by low-dimensional dynamics in complex potentials

Numerical analysis techniques for wideband amplifiers