This chapter provides criteria for evaluating permanent impairment of the visual system as it affects an individual’s ability to perform activities of daily living. The visual system consists of the eyes and supporting structures, the neural pathways, and the visual cortex of the brain. The visual system is unique in that it combines the input from two separate eyes into a single visual perception.

Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment

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Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis

Right in the Middle: Selective Trunk Activity in the Treatment of Adult Hemiplegia

This study was to investigate the effects of complex exercise on shoulder range of motion and pain for women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. 69 women participated in this study and then they were randomly allocated to complex exercise group (n = 35) or the conventional decongestive therapy group (n = 34). All subjects received 8 sessions for 4 weeks. To identify the effects on shoulder range of motion and pain, goniometer and visual analog scale were used, respectively. The outcome measurements were performed before and after the 4 week intervention. After 4 weeks, complex exercise group had greater improvements in shoulder range of motion and pain compared with the conventional decongestive therapy group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that complex exercise is beneficial to improve shoulder range of motion as well as pain of the women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Complex exercise would be useful to improve shoulder range of motion and pain of the women with breast cancer-related lymphedema.

The effects of complex exercise on shoulder range of motion and pain for women with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial.

【Purpose: The purpose was to determine whether the application of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) to stroke patients would affects their trunk stability, balance, pulmonary function, and grip strength. Methods: The subjects were 36 stroke patients who were randomly and equally assigned to an ADIM group (n=12), an AEM group (n=12), and a control group (n=12). The intervention was applied to each group three times per week, 30 minutes each time, for four weeks. Outcome measures were grip strength, modified functional reach test (mFRT) and pulmonary function. Pulmonary function were measured force expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values. Results: The results of the three groups showed statistically significant improvements in grip strength. The AEM group showed significantly greater differences in grip strength than either the ADIM group or the control group. In the anterior mFRT, the ADIM group showed significantly improvements than the control group. The ADIM and AEM groups were showed statistically significant greater improvements in PEF between the baseline and post-intervention and the post-analysis revealed that the AEM group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the ADIM and AEM were effective in improving the PEF of pulmonary function. The ADIM was more effective than AEM in trunk stabilization.】

Effects of the Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver and the Abdominal Expansion Maneuver on Grip Strength, Balance and Pulmonary Function in Stroke Patients

14 post stroke patients(10 males and 4 females) involved voluntary this study and we divided two groups into CEG(complex exercise group) and CEAG (complex exercise and abdominal drawing-in maneuver group).(n=7, per goup). Each groups implicated the 2 times, 30minute exercises for 6 weeks a day. The CEAG performed the complex exercise 15 minutes and 15 minutes of abdominal drawing-in maneuver. For data analysis, the mean and standard deviation were estima ted; non-parametric independent t-test was carried out..

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The Effects of Combined Complex Exercise with Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver on Expiratory Abdominal Muscles Activation and Forced Pulmonary Function for Post Stroke Patients

The 14 middle-aged women involved voluntary in this study and then they were divided into two groups(n =7 per group). The complex exercise program was implemented over 4 weeks, 60 minutes per day, with 3 types of exercise for stimulation whereas the control group was performed a classical decongestive physiotherapy in a same day. For data analysis, the mean and standard deviation were estimated; 2 way repeated measures ANOVA was carried out.

The Influence of 4 wks Complex Therapeutic Exercises on Visual Analog Scale of Pain and Range of Motion for Middle-Aged Women with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema

Byung-Ki Lee

Papers

The Effects of Combined Complex Exercise with Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver on Expiratory Abdominal Muscles Activation and Forced Pulmonary Function for Post Stroke Patients

The Influence of 4 wks Complex Therapeutic Exercises on Visual Analog Scale of Pain and Range of Motion for Middle-Aged Women with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema