https://www.cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~shimoura/research/nuc_data/pdf/11.pdf

Energy levels of light nuclei A = 11-12

The subject of this review is the field of intense pulsed ion beam generation and its potential application to fusion research Considerable progress has been made in the past six years Power levels of the order of 1000 MW/cm2 have been obtained for pulse-lengths from 10−8 to 10−6 s Light-ion beams with currents approaching 1 MA and energies exceeding 1 MeV have been produced The first half of the paper treats the physics and technology of beam generation Following a unified discussion of the theory of ion injectors, experimental work since 1973 is reviewed Diagnostic techniques appropriate to high-flux ion beams are summarized The general problem of high-current ion beam transport in vacuum and through plasmas is also considered The second part of the paper is devoted to applications to fusion research Applications in both magnetic confinement and inertial confinement fusion are considered Intense ion beams have a number of features which make them ideally suited as inertial fusion drivers Discussions are given of the physics of inertial fusion targets, options for ion beam production, experiments on light-ion beam focusing, and high-current multi-stage accelerators

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/20/12/006/pdf

Intense pulsed ion beams for fusion applications

A review of the use of gamma ray spectrometry as a diagnostic of nuclear reaction rates and nuclear reaction product densities in high temperature fusion plasmas is presented. In this review we will discuss the historic genesis of the concept, a brief overview of the relevant nuclear physics, the experimental techniques utilized in the measurements and some of the analytical techniques required to extract the diagnostic information from the basic measurements. Of particular interest is the ability to measure the population of confined fast alpha particles in future burning plasma experiments.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/48/8/R01/pdf

Gamma ray diagnostics of high temperature magnetically confined fusion plasmas

Measurements are made of surface doses necessary to initiate an anode plasma by electron bombardment of Ta, Ti, and C anodes for coaxial geometries characteristic of high‐power electron‐beam diodes. Measured lower and upper bounds of doses necessary to form an anode plasma are 54±7–139±16 J/g in Ta, 214±23–294±71 J/g in Ti, and 316±33–494±52 J/g in C. Within these bounds, probable values for the threshold are given under specific assumptions. The measurements are consistent with a thermal desorption model for plasma formation.

Measurement of electron energy deposition necessary to form an anode plasma in Ta, Ti, and C for coaxial bremsstrahlung diodes

The current status of research and development in the realm of physics and technology of collective ion acceleration in systems with a virtual cathode (VC) is reviewed. Three major acceleration methods and devices developed on their basis are considered: reflex triodes and their modifications, gas-filled vircators, and vacuum vircators with a Luce diode. Experimen- tal data are outlined and the principal physical models inter- preting these data are described. New ion acceleration techniques whose realization involves the production and disap- pearance of the VC are also discussed. All methods of collective ion acceleration are compared and the possible ways for the further development of this promising scientific field are high- lighted.

Collective ion acceleration in systems with a virtual cathode

Diagnostic methods pertinent to the probing of intense pulsed ion beams are described. Special emphasis is given to the measurement of delayed radioactivity from nuclear reactions induced in a target by the ions. This nuclear activation analysis provides the most precise, unambiguous means of determining the number of ions per pulse that is presently available. A compilation of yields and cross sections for several nuclear reactions is given. Included among the nuclear techniques is the measurement of prompt radiation such as γ rays and neutrons from ion‐induced reactions. In addition, a scintillator–photodiode detector is described which has proven to be useful for the measurement of time of flight and which may be used to observe the relative pulse shape. Biased ion collectors and difficulties associated with their use are also discussed.

C. A. Kapetanakos

Papers

Diagnostics for intense pulsed ion beams