The importance of calcium in normal development accompanying growth, and the purely scientific interest in the so-called law of the minimum, have both emphasized the desirability of more extended investigations of the relation between the calcium intake and the calcium content of the growing body.In the present investigation, chemical analyses have been made of the bodies of large numbers of rats which, starting from comparable heredity and nutritional backgrounds and with all factors other than food maintained strictly uniform, had received food of differing calcium content. The calcium content of the diet was varied in two ways: (1) by varying the ratio of two natural foods of widely different calcium content wheat and milk; (2) by feeding specially designed laboratory diets in which calcium, in the form of calcium lactate, was the sole variable factor. In both cases vitamin D was amply supplied.It was thus found that individuals otherwise well nourished but with low calcium intake do grow up with calci...

The Calcium Content of the Body in Relation to That of the Food.

This discussion of the feeding of infants focuses on the following: 1) breast feeding (advantages contraindications and preparation of the prospective mother); 2) establishment and maintenance of milk supply (fatigue hygiene and diet); 3) technique of breast feeding (1 or both breasts per feeding determination of adequacy of milk supply manual expression of breast milk mechanical expression of breast milk supplementary feeding and weaning); 4) technique of artificial feeding; 5) comparison of human milk and cows milk (colostrum water calories protein carbohydrate fat minerals vitamins bacterial content digestibility); 6) milks used in formulas (raw milk pasteurized milk homogenized milk evaporated milk preapared milks condensed milk dried whole milk dried skim milk acid and fermented milks goats milk milk substitutes and hypoallergenic milks filled and imitation milks and elementary dietary substitutes for milk); and 7) milk formulas (caloric requirements fluid requirements number of feedings daily and quantity of formula). Successful infant feeding calls for cooperative functioning between the mother and her infant. Prompt establishment of comfortable and satisfying feeding practices contributes considerably to the infants and the mothers emotional well-being. Breast feeding continues to have practical and psychologic advantages that should be considered when the mother selects the way she will feed her infant. Human milk is the most appropriate of all available milks for the human infant. For the average healthy full-term infant there are no disadvantages to breast feeding provided the mothers milk supply is ample and her diet contains sufficient amounts of protein and viatmins. Although breast feeding is regarded as superior to formula feeding for normal infants surveys indicate that many infants in the U.S. receive formula from birth. Cows milk in the whole state or in some modified form is the basis for most formulas but other milks and milk substitutes are available. Objective studies of the state of nutrition in growing infants reveal small differences between infants fed human milk and those fed cows milk.

Feeding of infants

Nutritional effects on milk of chemical additives and processing

Bezogen auf die Korpergrose ist der Darm bei Neugeborenen und Sauglingen langer als bei Erwachsenen. Nach Frolowsky ist das Verhaltnis der Lange des Dickdarms zu der des Dunndarms beim Neugeborenen 1:6, beim Saugling 1:5, beim Erwachsenen 1:4. Vergleicht man beim Saugling die Lange der Dickdarmabschnitte untereinander, so ist das Colon ascendens relativ kurzer, das Sigmoid dagegen langer als spater (Wetzel).

C.-A. Sager

Papers

Spezielle Ernährungsprobleme der Altersstufen