A time-varying image of a circulating venue containing a flow of particles is generated by imaging using a video camera and a digital frame grabber. Spatio-temporal intensity gradients within each of the images are generated. Particles are then identified within the images. A particle is matched with a corresponding identical particle from other images using, for example, a heuristic equation that measures similarity of shape, size, and position. The distance of translation of the matched particle from one image to another is determined. Leukocyte velocity is determined by dividing the translation distance by the time differential between the images. The first five statistical moments of frequency distribution of the velocity may also be determined.

Method and apparatus for automated rolling leukocyte velocity measurement in vivo

Traditionally web-based technology is not used in power plant automation and SCADA systems due to its several limitations to an advanced user interfaces. In power plant automation and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems real-time monitoring and operational reliability requirements are high. Typically automation and SCADA systems handle critical tasks in the power production and distribution process. Controlling, operating and monitoring the process effectively set higher quality requirements to the user interface compared to common web page. Different web based technologies are reviewed and analyzed within the scope of this paper from Automation and SCADA system point of view. An evaluation of suitability of the web user interface technology is performed in respect to the Power Plant Automation and SCADA Systems HMI (human machine interface). This research paper also highlights the state-of-the-art implementations of several web-based control displays that are used as the base of technical solutions for the power plant system vendors.

Web-based technologies in power plant automation and SCADA systems: A review and evaluation

An approach to the design and fabrication of a mass flow meter of a fluid using heat transfer technology is presented. The method uses the application of a simple matched pair of transistors as the flow transducer and compares the results with another flow transducer using a platinum resistance temperature detector. The effect of the temperature of the fluid is eliminated using the bridge circuit with the reference temperature probe placed in the static reference bath within the flow meter. The experimental results conform to the theoretical analysis that the bridge output follows the mass flow rate linearly if the flow is stream line. The effect of turbulence makes the output nonlinear. However a low cost microprocessor is used to linearise the flow data and display the flow value in digital form. The method used is a low cost one and is experimentally tested for flowing water at room temperature.

An approach to the design and fabrication of a microprocessor based flow meter using resistance and semiconductor probe

One of the most important factors in building high-performance, scalable industrial control applications is the ability to transfer process data from the server to the client machine in the most efficient and fast way. OPC DA is widely accepted and used as the standard in automation and network control systems. We present a system and method for caching process data in large industrial control systems to overcome performance limitations of the OPC DA implementation. Our approach for large network control systems includes a powerful and easy-to-use client data cache that allows overcoming typical performance limitations of the OPC DA implementation for large data transfers

Going beyond performance limitations of OPC DA implementation

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are normally using for monitoring and controlling various process plants like Oil & Gas refineries, Nuclear reactors, Power generation and transmission, various chemical plants etc., in the world. MODBUS is the most widely used communication protocol in these ICS systems, which is using for bi-directional data transfer of sensor data between data acquisition servers and Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) like Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) or Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU). The security of ICS systems is a major concern in safe and secure operations of these plants. This Modbus protocol is more vulnerable to cyber security attacks because security measures were not considered in mind at the time of protocol design. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack or flooding attack is one of the prominent attacks for MODBUS, which affects the availability of the control system. In this paper, a new method was proposed, to detect user application-level flooding or DoS attacks and triggers alarm annunciator and displays suitable alarms in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA) to draw the attention of administrators or engineers to take corrective action. This method detected highest percentage of attacks with less time compared to other methods. This method also considered all types of conditions, which triggers flooding attack in MODBUS protocol.

/pdf/detecting-flooding-attacks-in-communication-protocol-of-507ncfa6y2.pdf

Detecting Flooding Attacks in Communication Protocol of Industrial Control Systems

We present the plan for an extended expert-system "front end" or design advisor for implementing systems (DAIS) for use in conjunction with a commercial digital control system environment, e.g., the Elsag Bailey INFI 90 System. The objective of DAIS is to make it substantially easier for applications engineers to make effective use of the broad spectrum of capabilities of this and similar hardware and software systems for industrial controls implementation. This concept is of quite general applicability for industrial controls environments. The extensions are primarily focused on handling multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) systems. This should greatly enhance the value of DAIS in modern process control applications.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6343/16968/00782438.pdf

C. Chan

Papers

Industrial process control systems