Three selective insecticides for leafroller control were evaluated as part of research efforts for refinement of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in apple orchards in the Netherlands. Population levels, injury to fruits and degree of parasitism of leafrollers were studied in 0.5–1 ha plots of an experimental orchard. Plots were sprayed during 5 consecutive years with either Dimilin® (diflubenzuron, a chitine synthesis inhibitor), a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis or epofenonane, a juvenile hormone analogue. Dipel and Dimilin were not sufficiently effective in reducing population levels and degree of fruit injury. Hard to control pests in Dipel-treated plots were especially Pandemis heparana, Spilonota ocellana and Laspeyresia pomonella and in Dimilin treated plots P. heparana and Adoxophyes orana.



Epofenonane could not be evaluated properly because of interference by immigration of moths from nearby untreated plots.



RESUME

Controle integre avec Bacillus thuringiensis, diflubenzuron et epophenonane des tordeuses de pommier aux Pays-bas



L'etude a porte sur la protection, par 3 insecticides selectifs, de vergers attaques par des tordeuses. Ce travail constitue une part des travaux menes aux Pays-bas pour ameliorer la lutte integree dans les vergers.



Nous avons etudie les niveaux des populations de tordeuses, leurs degâts sur fruits, ainsi que les taux de parasitisme, dans un verger experimental divise en parcelles de 0,5 a I ha.



Pendant 5 annees consecutives, les differentes parcelles ont subi des pulverisations de Dimiline (diflubenzuron), inhibiteur de la synthese de chitine, de Dipel (B. thuringiensis), et enfin d'epophenonane, un analogue de l'hormone juvenile.



Le Dipel et la Dimiline ont presente peu d'efficacite dans la reduction des populations et du niveau des degâts. Les insectes particulierement difficiles a controler sont, respectivement, dans les vergers traites par le Dipel: Pandemis heparana (Denn. et Schiff.), Spilonota ocellana (F.) et Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), et dans ceux traites par la Dimiline: P. heparana et Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R). Nous n'avons pas pu evaluer l'effet de l'epophenonane d'une fâcon satisfaisante, en raison des reinfestations par des papillons venant de terrains voisins hebergeant des populations elevees de tordeuses.

Leafrollers in apple IPM under regimes based on Bacillus thuringiensis, on diflubenzuron, or on epofenonane

Integration of microbial and chemical controls against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) : laboratory and field evaluation

In laboratory studies with the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), TH 6043 and TH 6044, new benzoylphenylurea chitin-synthesis inhibitors, were more effective than TH 6045 and diflubenzuron in reducing hatch of eggs from treated adults. With TH 6043 and TH 6044, egg hatch was reduced only when the female of each mating pair was treated. Topical application of diflubenzuron to adults moderately reduced egg hatch while TH 6045 had no effect. Diflubenzuron also reduced oviposition by females. None of these compounds adversely affected mortality, longevity, or mating propensity of adults.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00036610

Effect of chitin-synthesis inhibitors on oviposition by treated adults and on subsequent egg hatch of the codling moth, cydia pomonella (lepidoftera: olethreutidae)

Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), and its natural enemies were monitored from 1994 to 2000 on apples at Clyde, Central Otago, New Zealand during the transition from conventional fruit production (CFP), which used broad spectrum insecticides, to integrated fruit production (IFP), which was based on selective insecticides. Populations were compared in orchard blocks under three management regimes: CFP; transition to IFP; and a biological fruit production (BFP) programme which complied with BioGro® organic certification. WAA remained at very low levels in the CFP programme, because of insecticides, and in the BFP programme, primarily because of natural enemies. Transition to IFP was accompanied by a surge in WAA and a slow colonization by natural enemies which took at least four years to reduce the aphid population to acceptable levels. The principal natural enemy that achieved this was the parasitoid Aphelinus mali (Haldemann), assisted by predators whose contribution remaine...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01140671.2010.524189

Biological control of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), during transition to integrated fruit production for pipfruit in Central Otago, New Zealand

A two-part review is presented relating historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides to Typhlodromus pyri and their relevance to modern pest management in New Zealand pome-fruit orchards. Over the past thirty years, the initial need for T. pyri resistance to broad-spectrum pesticides has substantially declined as a growing array of new selective chemicals have come into use. In Part 1, a laboratory bioassay is described for determining the toxicity of pesticides to the eggs and larvae of an organophosphate (OP)-resistant strain of Typhlodromus pyri from New Zealand. Apple leaves bearing T. pyri and its prey Panonychus ulmi were collected from the field. Leaf discs with known numbers of eggs (no active stages) of T. pyri and prey were cut from the leaves and sprayed with selected pesticides at recommended field rates to simulate field application. The survival of eggs, and the larvae which hatched from them, were recorded for seven days. Thirteen acaricides, 16 fungicides and 15 insecticides were evaluat...

Historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides to Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and their relevance to current pest management in New Zealand apple orchards 1. Laboratory tests with eggs and larvae

/pdf/integrated-control-of-apple-pests-in-new-zealand-13-4dsypt7h0z.pdf

C. H. Wearing

Papers

Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand 13. Selective insect control using diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis .