Cryogenic targets (H 2 , D 2 and 4 He) have been built for use in the study of photonuclear reactions with a π sr spectrometer, TAGX, at the 1.3 GeV Tokyo electron synchrotron. A new type of vacuum jacket, fabricated from plastic honeycomb core and Mylar skins, has been used in the target system for more than 5000 hours. The average radiation thickness and the average density of this jacket are measured to be 3.3 × 10 −3 X 0 and 0.15 g/cm 3 , respectively.

A honeycomb sandwich structure vacuum jacket for cryogenic targets

The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the first facility ever built providing colliding hadron beams. It mainly operated with protons with beam energies of 15 to 31 GeV. The ISR was conceived in the years 1960 to 1964 and was approved in 1965. It came into operation at the beginning of 1971 and was decommissioned as a collider in 1983. A number of accelerator technologies have been either much improved or developed at the ISR which subsequently have become enabling technologies for a number of hadron storage rings and large colliders. Prominent examples of such technologies are ultra-high vacuum technology, beam diagnostics based on Schottky signals and stochastic cooling. The experiences obtained with the ISR were later exploited at the proton-antiproton facility in the CERN SPS, the Tevatron at Fermilab, the RHIC at Brookhaven and, finally, by the LHC at CERN.

The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)

Beryllium is the material of choice for the beam vacuum chambers around collision points in particle colliders due to a combination of transparency to particles, high specific stiffness and compatibility with ultra-high vacuum. New requirements for these chambers in the LHC experiments have driven the development of new methods for the manufacture of beryllium chambers. This paper reviews the requirements for experimental vacuum chambers. It describes the new beryllium technology adopted for the LHC and experience gained in the manufacture and installation.

Development of beryllium vacuum chamber technology for the lhc

Summary The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the first facility providing colliding hadron beams. It operated mainly with protons with a beam energy of 15 to 31 GeV. The ISR were approved in 1965 and were commissioned in 1971. This paper summarizes the context in which the ISR emerged, the design and approval phase, the construction and the commissioning. Key parameters of its performance and examples of how the ISR advanced accelerator technology and physics are given.

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The Birth and Development of the First Hadron Collider The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR)

The emergence of the ISR project at CERN is described in the light of the situation at CERN at the end of the 1950s when the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) was still under construction. The discussions leading to the project are put into context with world-wide efforts to build larger and more powerful accelerators at that time; the evolution of the project before approval is sketched. The basic design considerations and the most significant technological choices are explained. The construction period is summarized by highlighting important milestones and the performance achieved during commissioning in 1971, the first year of running, is given.

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Design and construction of the ISR

The use of modern materials and specialized forming techniques have enabled the ISR Division at CERN to produce very transparent interaction area vacuum chambers. The design and fabrication methods used to conceive and form these chambers are described. Special reference is made to the titanium chamber in intersection 7, the inconel chamber in intersection 8, and the stainless steel chamber in intersection 4. A method is given for rationalising the choice of material for interaction area vacuum chambers for any colliding beam machine.

C. Hauviller

Papers

The Design and Construction of Transparent Vacuum Chambers for Interaction Areas of Colliding Beam Machines

A titanium high pressure gas target