https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(14)00526-1/pdf

Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection

The Human Microbiome.

Statistics for analytical chemistry

Several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates from the Lactobacillus genera have been applied in food preservation, partly due to their antimicrobial properties. Their application in the control of human pathogens holds promise provided appropriate strains are scientifically chosen and a suitable mode of delivery is utilized. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a global problem, affecting mainly diabetic patients and women. Many uropathogens are developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. There is a need for more research on the ability of LAB to inhibit uropathogens, with a view to apply them in clinical settings, while adhering to strict selection guidelines in the choice of candidate LAB. While several studies have indicated the ability of LAB to elicit inhibitory activities against uropathogens in vitro, more in vivo and clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy of LAB in the treatment and prevention of UTI. The emerging applications of LAB such as in adjuvant therapy, oral vaccine development, and as purveyors of bioprotective agents, are relevant in infection prevention and amelioration. Therefore, this review explores the potential of LAB isolates and their bacteriocins to control uropathogens, with a view to limit clinical use of antibiotics.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/8/1255/pdf

Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Bacteriocins: Classification, Biosynthesis and Applications against Uropathogens: A Mini-Review.

Factors influencing urinary tract infections depend on a balance between bacterial virulence (bacterial adhesion to tissues, hemolysin, and aerobactin) and on the host's defenses (local immunoglobulin production). Predisposing factors for the development of urinary tract infections in women are physiologic changes with aging, use of catheters, and genitourinary operations. Therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections usually consists of a single dose of medication for 3 to 7 days, although the 1-day regimen was proved to be quite effective. Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections is by intravenous medications. New drugs for treatment of urinary tract infections are also reviewed.

Urinary tract infections in women.

Summary: The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial potentiality of Phyllanthus amarus against multidrug resistant pathogens were investigated using standard microbiological techniques. The extracts were tested by agar well diffusion method for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella Spp. isolated from clinical samples.The susceptibility patterns of the test isolates against the crude extract was determined at extract concentrations of 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ml respectively. The results revealed that the extracts did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Spp. and Klebsiella Spp. at 10mg/ml but the largest zones of growth inhibition for the ethanolic extract was recorded with Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Klebsiella Spp. with a mean zone diameter of 20 mm concentrations. However, the isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility testing and found to be resistant to Gram negative and Gram positive antibiotics with little variations in sensitivity pattern. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic plant extracts on E. coli , S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella Spp. were at 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml while the MBC were at 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml and 150 mg/ml respectively. The observed antibacterial effects were believed to be due to the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids identified in the extracts. The results apparently justified their use in the treatment of infections. Industrial relevance: Phyllanthus amarus from this research has shown itself as highly promising source of potent antimicrobial drug. It is obviously worthy of large scale investment as the need for antimicrobials against multidrug resistant pathogens persist around the globe.

Studies on phytochemical screening and antimicrobial potentials of Phyllanthus amarus against multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria

Warm water extracts of the leaves of Garcinia kola and Vernonia amygdalinasuspended in honey traditionally employed for the treatment of post circumcision wounds, fresh wounds and chronic skin ulcers was prepared and evaluated for its phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical analysis of the preparation revealed the presence of polyphenol, reducing sugars, tannins, glycoside, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and anthraquinones. Neat (100%) concentration of preparation inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniaeand Candida albicans. At 50% concentration, the growth of P. aeruginosa while S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were inhibited while at 25% concentration only P. aeruginosa was inhibited. The result suggests that the preparation exhibited significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against common wound isolates and may be employed for the routine treatment of wounds and sepsis as an alternative to antibiotics chemotherapy.

	 

	Key words: Extracts, antimicrobial, honey, Garcinia kola and Vernonia amygdalina.

Phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activities of combined effect of extracts of the leaves of Garcinia kola, Vernonia amygdalina and honey on some medically important microorganisms

UTI is a common bacterial infection that affects components of the urinary system. This infection affects all ages and both sexes. Despite these, women are usually more susceptible to this infection and has a higher prevalence compared to the men. Some of the risk factors responsible for this high prevalence is due to menopause, poor personal hygiene, pregnancy and the close anatomical relationship of the female urethra and the anus. Among the uropathogens involved in this infection, entrobacteriaceae especially the E.coli is usually the most prevalent and accounts for 80-85% of the total isolate. Most often this infection is usually neglected but it is capable of claiming life under severe circumstances. This article therefore reviews the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection in adults. UTI being a major problem faced by the populace and the cause of most health care expenditure, it is therefore important to know the predisposing factors responsible for this infection as this will serve as a guide to individuals, care givers and health planners to guide and managed the expected interventions as the management involves drug therapy and patients education.

/pdf/a-review-on-the-prevalence-and-predisposing-factors-15fjpgt6q9.pdf

A review on the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection among adults

/pdf/a-review-of-nosocomial-infections-in-sub-saharan-africa-4juwkos4zm.pdf

A Review of Nosocomial Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa

Purulent materials were collected aseptically with the aid of sterile swab sticks from Forty (40) patients with automobile accident wounds at University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) and James Accident and Bone Victim Hospital (JABH) in Uyo. These samples were examined microbiologically for the presence of aerobic bacteria and the susceptibility of these organisms to different conventional antibiotics was assessed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. A total of Seventyfour (74) bacterial isolates were obtained from the wound cultures. A single etiological agent was identified in 13 (32.5%) samples while multiple agents were found in 26 (65%), but no bacterial isolate was obtained in one case. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant microorganism (37.8%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.0%), Escherichia coli (14.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (12.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.11%). Automobile accident wound infection was most prevalent in the age group of 21 - 40 and less prevalent in the age group 61 and above. Automobile accident infection was more prevalent (71.6%) in males than in females (28.4%).The results of the antibiotics susceptibility showed that most of the isolates were highly resistant to penicillin (80.4%), streptomycin (67%) and gentamycin (71.6%), and moderately sensitive to augmentin (46.2%), and nalidixic acid (56.8%), but highly sensitive to ofloxacin (81.6%), ciprofloxacin (75.8%) and pefloxacin (81%). The findings of this study showed that ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin may be drugs of choice for the treatment of automobile accident wound infection, while penicillin, streptomycin and gentamycin may not be used unless culture and sensitivity tests are done.

C. I. Mboto

Papers

Studies on phytochemical screening and antimicrobial potentials of Phyllanthus amarus against multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria

Phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activities of combined effect of extracts of the leaves of Garcinia kola, Vernonia amygdalina and honey on some medically important microorganisms

A review on the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection among adults

A Review of Nosocomial Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa

Bacteriology of automobile accident wounds infection