C. M. Sellars

Abstract: Both numerical analysis based on finite-element (FE) modeling and experimental evidence concerning the secondary oxide-scale failure at entry into the roll gap are presented and reviewed for a better understanding of events at the roll-workpiece interface, in turn, leading to better definition of the boundary conditions for process models. Attention is paid to the two limit modes leading to oxide-scale failure, which were observed earlier during tensile testing under rolling conditions. These are considered in relation to the temperature, the oxide-scale thickness, and other hot-rolling parameters. The mathematical model used for the analysis is composed of macro and micro parts, which allow for simulation of metal/scale flow, heat transfer, cracking of the oxide scale, as well as sliding along the oxide/metal interface and spallation of the scale from the metal surface. The different modes of oxide-scale failure were predicted, taking into account stress-directed diffusion, fracture and adhesion of the oxide scale, strain, strain rate, and temperature. Stalled hot-rolling tests under controlled conditions have been used to verify the types of oxide-scale failure and have shown good predictive capabilities of the model. The stock temperature and the oxide-scale thickness are important parameters, which, depending on other rolling conditions, may cause either through-thickness cracking of the scale at the entry or lead to entry of a nonfractured scale when the scale/metal interface is not strong enough to transmit the metal deformation.

TL;DR: In this article, the strength of the as-tempered steels depends primarily on the dislocation structure inherited from the martensite transformation and work softening observed during deformation at 600° and 700° is attributable to recovery of this structure.