For several centuries fluid dynamics studies have relied upon the assumption that when a liquid flows over a solid surface, the liquid molecules adjacent to the solid are stationary relative to the solid. This no-slip boundary condition (BC) has been applied successfully to model many macroscopic experiments, but has no microscopic justification. In recent years there has been an increased interest in determining the appropriate BCs for the flow of Newtonian liquids in confined geometries, partly due to exciting developments in the fields of microfluidic and microelectromechanical devices and partly because new and more sophisticated measurement techniques are now available. An increasing number of research groups now dedicate great attention to the study of the flow of liquids at solid interfaces, and as a result a large number of experimental, computational and theoretical studies have appeared in the literature. We provide here a review of experimental studies regarding the phenomenon of slip of Newtonian liquids at solid interfaces. We dedicate particular attention to the effects that factors such as surface roughness, wettability and the presence of gaseous layers might have on the measured interfacial slip. We also discuss how future studies might improve our understanding of hydrodynamic BCs and enable us to actively control liquid slip.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/68/12/R05/pdf

Boundary slip in Newtonian liquids: a review of experimental studies

The physics of moving wetting lines

In the subsurface fluids play a critical role by transporting dissolved minerals, colloids and contaminants (sometimes over long distances), by mediating dissolution and precipitation processes and enabling chemical transformations in solution and at mineral surfaces. Although the complex geometries of fracture apertures, fracture networks and pore spaces may make it difficult to accurately predict fluid flow in saturated (single-phase) subsurface systems, well developed methods are available. The simulation of multiphase fluid flow in the subsurface is much more challenging because of the large density and/or viscosity ratios found in important applications (water/air in the vadose zone, water/oil, water/gas, gas/oil and water/oil/gas in oil reservoirs, water/air/non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in contaminated vadose zone systems and gas/molten rock in volcanic systems, for example). In addition, the complex behavior of fluid-fluid-solid contact lines, and its impact on dynamic contact angles, must also be taken into account, and coupled with the fluid flow. Pore network models and simple statistical physics based models such as the invasion percolation and diffusion-limited aggregation models have been used quite extensively. However, these models for multiphase fluid flow are based on simplified models for pore space geometries and simplified physics. Other methods such a lattice Boltzmann and lattice gasmore » models, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, and particle methods such as dissipative particle dynamics and smoothed particle hydrodynamics are based more firmly on first principles, and they do not require simplified pore and/or fracture geometries. However, they are less (in some cases very much less) computationally efficient that pore network and statistical physics models. Recently a combination of continuum computation fluid dynamics, fluid-fluid interface tracking or capturing and simple models for the dependence of contact angles on fluid velocity at the contact line has been used to simulate multiphase fluid flow in fracture apertures, fracture networks and pore spaces. Fundamental conservation principles - conservation of momentum, and conservation of mass (or conservation of volume for incompressible fluids) and conservation of energy, as well as symmetries (Galilean invariance and isotropy) are central to the physics of fluids and the models used to simulate them. In molecular and mesoscale models observance of these conservation principles and symmetries at the microscopic level leads to macroscopic fluid dynamics that can be represented by the Navier Stokes equation. The remarkable fact that the flow of all simpe fluids, irrespective of their chemical nature, can be described by the Navier-Stokes equation is a result of these conservation principles and symmetries acting on the molecular level.« less

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008RG000263

Modeling and simulation of pore-scale multiphase fluid flow and reactive transport in fractured and porous media

The slip coefficient γ of mercury in thin quartz capillaries and that of water in the same but hydrophobized capillaries have been quantitatively assessed. The values of γ according to their order of magnitude amount to about 10−4 cm3/dyne·sec. This necessitates taking into account the effect of slippage in lyophobic capillaries smaller than 1 μm in radius. The slippage of water is decreased as temperature is raised.

Slippage of liquids over lyophobic solid surfaces

Simulation of Droplet Motion on Low-Energy and Heterogeneous Surfaces

A slip velocity at the contact line of a liquid drop on a solid surface originates because of the force induced by the gradient of the chemical potential in the liquid along the solid-liquid interface. Einstein's equation is used to relate the slip velocity and the force. The gradient occurs because (a) the interaction potential at the liquid-solid interface near the contact line due to the neighboring molecules differs from that of a semi-infinite liquid and depends upon the distance from the contact line and (b) the chemical potential is pressure dependent.

C. S. Dunn

Papers

Slip Velocity during Wetting of Solids

Stability of thin solid films