Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoTs) have emanated as an indispensable assets that play a critical role in revolutionizing the field of data communication. Owing to the evolution of communication standards, research trends in IoT based wireless sensor networks have been rapidly progressing toward achieving effective data routing with a prolonged network lifetime and minimized energy consumption. In this article, an optimized ticket manager based energy‐aware multipath routing protocol (TMERP) is proposed. The proposed protocol design comprises three important functional entities: ticket manager (TM), routing planner (RP), and backup node (BN). The TM is responsible for controlling and monitoring all the constraints related to networking. Then, the RP minimizes the overall complexity of the optimal resource allocation by avoiding an end‐to‐end delay. Finally, the BN facilitates efficient data routing through the optimal selection of routing paths using the node trust evaluation and backup process to minimize data loss. Hence, the proposed multipath routing system has a distinct advantage in enhancing the network lifetime constraint with minimal energy consumption owing to the collective performance of its functional entities. The simulation results of the experimental studies show that the proposed protocol design achieved an improved performance in terms of network energy, throughput, and network operational lifetime by 39.3%, 47.9%, and 10.5%, respectively when compared with similar existing protocols.

An optimized ticket manager based energy‐aware multipath routing protocol design for IoT based wireless sensor networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) data transfer between nodes in a multi-hop way offers a wide variety of applications. The dynamic feature of ad hoc network mobile nodes is primarily influenced by safety issues, which limit data forwarding rate in multipath routing. As a supplementary method to improve safe data delivery in a MANET, this paper propose and analyse the cluster head (CH) selection and optimum multipath scheme. The CHs are chosen based on the possibility values of each node in MANET, which are considered from the residual energy of each node. During the present phase, the total remaining node energy is used to calculate the mean energy of the entire network. The most likely nodes are picked as the CH, which gathers packets from the cluster members through multi-hop communication. The fundamental idea is to partition a top-secret communication into several shares and then forward the shares via numerous routes to the destination. The Coral Reef Optimization method is used in this work to perform optimum multipath routing. The thorough simulation findings validate the feasibility and efficacy of the suggested strategy in comparison to Butterfly optimization algorithm (BA), Whale Optimization algorithm (WOA) and BAT algorithm techniques.

Cluster Head Selection and Optimal Multipath detection using Coral Reef Optimization in MANET Environment

IT companies are popular in the present time as technology arises in the entire world. Incidents and Requests for either clients or company internal are hard to manually track as it is a day-to-day transaction. To keep all the logs, IT Companies are using a ticketing system to track all the records they are gathering. One of the most popular ticketing systems is the JIRA. Either the support team or company internal is benefitting from the use of JIRA as it easily documents all the different transactions and keeps track of different incidents and requests. One of the cons of JIRA is its limited features. The researchers conducted research where it aims to determine the effectiveness of JIRA as a ticketing system despite its limited features. The researchers used a descriptive method to analyze the pros and cons of this ticketing system. It is concluded that this JIRA Ticketing system is helpful for both support groups and internal members of the company as they track all the incidents and request tickets for their clients despite the limited features of JIRA. The researchers strongly recommend to venture out and try other analytic models and start with the ones mentioned in this study for a good foundation and idea. This is can provide the research a new set of results that can be useful to both established and startup companies.

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Ticketing System: A Descriptive Research on the Use of Ticketing System for Project Management and Issue Tracking in IT Companies

Protocols have an important role on the overall performance of Wireless Sensor Networks, including throughput and power consumption, postponement and transmission rate. This research study has a portion of suggested computations that focus on network performance concerns in the proposed sensor network. The directing convention monitors the energy and draws out the steadiness time of organization as well as organization life time. As a result of this convention, sensor nodes will no longer establish pairs with one another and share information about what is being detected. Additionally, the Cluster Head selection technique has been improved and CHs are selected based on the remaining power of the sensor nodes. The reenactment has been done on MATLAB for assessing the exhibition of these conventions on various boundaries thinking about two situations. In all scenarios, the suggested convention outperforms alternative steering conventions, according to the findings of the simulations. 

Performance Assessment of Routing Protocols in an Internet of Things by communicating in a Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the wide range of applications and ease of deployment, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have become increasingly popular. There is no need for a fixed infrastructure in this network. Mobile nodes of this network connection via a wireless channel making it very vulnerable to various attacks. Purposes: The packet drop attack is a famous attack type. The easiest way to cause service denial is in such dynamic networks are a packet drop or gray hole attack. This attack reflects the malicious node to be the shortest route, and entire packets are received while the designated packets are dropped to provide the user with the wrong service. It is a special type of attack that defends the system and the user from misuse. When a network is attacked, it suffers from network performance. Methods: A sparrow search algorithm for a cross-layer packet drop-off attack (CLPDM-SSA) is proposed in this paper. This proposal is used to identify a malicious node within a real-world data acquisition system that was subjected to a packet drop (PD) attack with a cluster-based meta-heuristic detection device. Results: NS-2 is used for implementation, and the validation is carried out in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), mean PD, and false positive rate. Conclusion: After integrating SSA intelligence, the results reveal considerable gains. The algorithm detects false positives of suspected malicious nodes by analyzing the CPU and the memory. 

A Sparrow Search Algorithm for Detecting the Cross-layer Packet Drop Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Environment

MANET—Mobile Ad Hoc Network is the connection of several remote mobile nodes. These networks are dynamic and independent to move anywhere. It does not contain any central controller, and hence it is stated as a structure-less network. MANET is one of the most emerging technologies getting popular in recent days. The significant features, and real-time issues grab the research community's attention towards it. The unstable data transmission will leverage the overall network performance, and designing an energy-efficient routing protocol is challenging. The main reason for this problem is the lack of a stable multipath routing system and resource constraints. Various research works have launched several efficient routing mechanisms, but the need for advancement still exists. In this paper, we propose a Ticket-ID Based Routing management system for enabling reliable routing for the entire network. The proposed system work under the TID principle, which executes according to the node properties and routing maintenance system. This system works under the supervision article of TID- Routing manager. The TID routing manager is responsible for managing the ticketing pool and allocating unique ticket-ID based on the collected node factors such as energy, node location, speed, etc. The proposed routing system facilitates the shortest path for reliable communication. An experimental work using NS- simulator is done with the proposed method. The proposed work's efficiency is determined using a comparison work between T-ID BRM with TABRP, OGFSO, and PDMR. The proposed TID-BRM achieves with 20 nodes PDR is 25%, 40 nodes the PDR is 45%, on 60 nodes the PDR is 65%, on 80 nodes the PDR is 78%, and with 100 nodes the PDR is about 95%. On comparison, the proposed overall packet delivery ratio is 61.8%, whereas with PDMR is 21.8%, OGFSO with 25.8%, and TABRP is 38.2%. The observation states that the proposed Ticket-ID system achieves 94% better than other existing methods.

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C. Vennila

Papers

An Efficient Route Optimization Using Ticket-ID Based Routing Management System (T-ID BRM)