Synthesis and performance characterization of an efficient environmental-friendly Sapindus mukorossi saponins based hybrid coal dust suppressant

Genetic structure and biogeographic divergence among Sapindus species: An inter-simple sequence repeat-based study of germplasms in China

A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was applied to separate saponins from Sapindus mukorossi pericarps. The most important factors of the six extraction parameters were selected using Plackett–Burman designs; therefore, the further extraction procedure was optimized using the Box–Behnken designs; meanwhile, the optimum processing parameters and well-pleasing saponins extraction rate were inferred. The final operation conditions were the ethanol concentration of 40%, soaking time of 3 h, particle size of 80–100 meshes, extraction time of 13 min, solvent-solid ratio of 19 mL/g, and microwave power of 425 W. Based on the optimal extraction parameters, the extraction rate of the saponins by means of MAE technique reached 280.55 ± 6.81 mg/g, which exceeds yields acquired using conventional manners. Saponins from S. mukorossi have obvious xanthine oxidase inhibitory properties in vitro compared with allopurinol. The saponins displayed a type of competitive inhibition of xanthine oxidase. In conclusion, a MAE technique in association with a response surface design provides an efficient extraction tactics, which could sufficiently isolate saponins from S. mukorossi pericarps; further, this technique could be applied to the dissociation of other bioactive substances from plant sources. In addition, the saponins may be a promising alternative to conventional medicine to treat gout and other inflammation-associated disorders to mitigate the side effects of traditional drugs.

/pdf/optimization-of-microwave-assisted-extraction-saponins-from-2pfg2fwz6j.pdf

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Pericarps and an Evaluation of Their Inhibitory Activity on Xanthine Oxidase

Flavonoids are a class of commonly occurring natural compounds in the plant kingdom with various biological activities This study compares the content of flavonoids in Cyclocarya paliurus at different developmental stages to better inform the selection of the optimal picking period Thus, we analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome of C paliurus at different developmental stages The transcriptome analysis revealed 44 genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in C paliurus, with 10 differentially expressed genes across the four different developmental stages The metabolites were separated and identified by a combination of chromatography and mass spectrometry, followed by multi-reaction monitoring mode analysis of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for complete metabolite quantification In the flavonoid synthesis pathway, a total of 137 differential flavonoids were detected The joint transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the expression trends in differential metabolites and genes were significantly related Four MYB transcription factors and two bHLH transcription factors that are closely related to flavonoid biosynthesis were identified The regulation network of flavonoid biosynthesis in C paliurus was thus established, providing guidance for follow-up research

Joint Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analysis of Flavonoids in Cyclocarya paliurus Leaves.

Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq., a pioneer plant endemic to the temperate deserts of Asia, could be domesticated into an ideal crop with outstanding ecological and medicinal characteristics. A previous study showed differential flavonoid accumulation between two in situ altitudinal ecotypes. To verify whether this accumulation was determined by environmental or genetic factors, we conducted flavonoid-targeted metabolic profiling among 14 populations of A. squarrosum collected from regions with different altitudes based on a common garden experiment. Results showed that the most abundant flavonoid in A. squarrosum was isorhamnetin (48.40%, 557.45 μg/g), followed by quercetin (13.04%, 150.15 μg/g), tricin (11.17%, 128.70 μg/g), isoquercitrin (7.59%, 87.42 μg/g), isovitexin (7.20%, 82.94 μg/g), and rutin (7.00%, 80.62 μg/g). However, based on a common garden at middle-altitude environment, almost none of the flavonoids was enriched in the high-altitude populations, and even some flavonoids, such as quercetin, tricin, and rutin, were significantly enriched in low-altitude populations. This phenomenon indicated that the accumulation of flavonoids was not a result of local adaptation to high altitude. Furthermore, association analysis with in situ environmental variables showed that the contents of quercetin, tricin, and rutin were strongly positively correlated with latitude, longitude, and precipitation gradients and negatively correlated with temperature gradients. Thus, we could conclude that the accumulations of flavonoids in A. squarrosum were more likely as a result of local adaption to environmental heterogeneity combined with precipitation and temperature other than high altitude. This study not only provides an example to understand the molecular ecological basis of pharmacognosy, but also supplies methodologies for developing a new industrial crop with ecological and agricultural importance.

/pdf/variations-in-flavonoid-metabolites-along-altitudinal-54xjkeu3p9.pdf

Variations in Flavonoid Metabolites Along Altitudinal Gradient in a Desert Medicinal Plant Agriophyllum squarrosum

Sapindus mukorossi is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of southern China; the seed kernel oil is potential biodiesel material, and the saponins extracted from fruit pericarp are very valuable efficient natural surfactants. Therefore, S. mukorossi is an ideal tree species for developing forestry bioenergy and multiple other products. In this study, 42 S. mukorossi fruits from mother trees were collected from 39 distinct locations in 12 Chinese provinces to infer fruit and seed trait responses to environmental factors. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was conducted using 21 horticultural fruit traits and 10 environmental factors that represented different climatic and geographic conditions throughout southern China. CCA revealed well-developed patterns of natural phenotypic variation, and insight into the ecological factors that are potentially important in shaping this variation. The results presented here further elucidate the natural distribution and ecological adaptations of wild S. mukorossi resources, which will be valuable for S. mukorossi cultivation by helping identify ideal planting areas. The germplasm resources with extensive morphological variation can also contribute to S. mukorossi breeding in the future by helping develop new cultivars with high saponin yield.

/pdf/association-of-fruit-and-seed-traits-of-sapindus-mukorossi-3pybbflcxf.pdf

Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China

Sapindus mukorossi is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages—i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy—and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of S. mukorossi. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in Sapindus, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/6/462/pdf

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Cyclocarya paliurus is widely distributed in subtropical areas of China. Secondary metabolites in the leaves, including flavonoids and triterpenoids, provide protection against diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and hypoimmunity. In this study, 343 C. paliurus leaves were collected from 32 distinct populations covering most of the main distribution, to deduce the response of flavonoids and triterpenoids to seven environmental factors. Principal component analysis was performed using seven flavonoid and six triterpenoid compounds. The results show that altitude, latitude, and longitude significantly contributed to variations in total flavonoid and triterpenoid contents. In addition, the interaction of these metabolites was extensively correlated with environment changes, and therefore should be considered during selection and cultivation.

/pdf/natural-variations-in-flavonoids-and-triterpenoids-of-3bdiql1g04.pdf

Natural variations in flavonoids and triterpenoids of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves

Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk. is mainly distributed in the subtropical areas of China. The leaves of this species are rich in beneficial secondary metabolites exhibiting bioactivity against human diseases, including hyperlipemia, diabetes, and hypertension. To explore the adaptability and distribution characteristics along the environmental gradient of this species, investigation of the characteristics of C. paliurus communities is necessary. In this study, we established 31 sample plots, each 20 m × 20 m, and comparatively analyzed the species composition, species importance value, and tree species diversity of different C. paliurus communities in 2 years. Canonical correspondence analyses were carried out: the first between tree-species importance value and 12 environmental factors, and the second between C. paliurus population-related indices and the 12 environmental factors. On the basis of these analyses, we identified tree species varying markedly in abundance in the studied C. paliurus communities. Several tree species showed adaptive characteristics similar to those of C. paliurus. We also observed that the C. paliurus importance value varied along elevational, longitudinal, and temperature gradients. Our findings should be valuable for prediction of C. paliurus adaptive areas and mixed forest afforestation in different distribution areas.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/2/146/pdf

Ecological Gradient Analysis and Environmental Interpretation of Cyclocarya paliurus Communities

Sapindus L. species are widely cultivated for biodiesel, biomedical, and biochemical raw materials in southern China. However, yields fluctuate widely due to the lack of high-yielding, high-quality, stable cultivars. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate three species and one variety among 149 nationwide Sapindus species and screen for elite accessions which would serve as Sapindus breeding materials. Accessions were evaluated on 19 agro-morphological traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. These displayed substantial diversity and a broad range of economic traits. In particular, accessions of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus rarak had more variation in economic traits than Sapindus delavayi and Sapindus rarak var. velutinus. Increased saponin accumulation may be achieved at the cost of seed oil production. Thirty elite accessions for oil and saponin production, and for comprehensive utilization were screened and accessions no. 80, 110, and 112 had significant potential to produce high yields. These elite accessions will facilitate the identification of genetic determinants of valuable traits and the effective utilization of trait variability in Sapindus breeding.

Caowen Sun

Papers

Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Natural variations in flavonoids and triterpenoids of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves

Ecological Gradient Analysis and Environmental Interpretation of Cyclocarya paliurus Communities

Screening of Sapindus germplasm resources in China based on agro-morphological traits