Lebensstil, insbesondere regelmasige korperliche Aktivitat ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil in der Pravention und Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus und sollte fester Bestandteil jeglicher Betreuung von Patienten sein. Es besteht breiter Konsens, dass eine effiziente Diabetes-Pravention und Therapie in den meisten Fallen auch von einer Modifikation des Lebensstils begleitet sein muss. Ziele der Forderung der korperlichen Aktivitat sind zunachst das Training des Herz-Kreislaufsystems, Kraftigung der Muskulatur, Steigerung des Energieverbrauchs und die Reduktion von Inaktivitat. Fur einen substanziellen gesundheitlichen Nutzen sind wochentlich mindestens 150 min aerobe korperliche Aktivitat mit mittlerer oder hoherer Intensitat und zusatzlich muskelkraftigende Bewegungen erforderlich. Der positive Effekt von Bewegung steht in direktem Verhaltnis zum Grad der erreichten kardiorespiratorischen Fitness, der erreicht wird. und halt nur so lange an, wie diese aufrechterhalten werden kann. Der Effekt von Bewegung ist alters- und geschlechtsunabhangig und reproduzierbar. Korperliches Training im Speziellen hat die Potenz nicht nur positiven Einfluss auf die Glykamie durch Verbesserung der Insulinresistenz und funktionelle Verbesserung der Insulinsekretion zu nehmen, sondern ist auch in der Lage, das kardiovaskulare Risiko zu senken. Inaktivitat per se gilt unabhangig vom Konstrukt der korperlichen Aktivitat als Risikofaktor. Insbesondere langandauernde sitzende Tatigkeit soll vermieden werden. Angeleitete Bewegungsprogramme sind bestens geeignet, um ein ausreichendes wochentliches Ausmas an gesundheitsfordernder korperlicher Aktivitat zu erreichen. Groses Potential liegt in standardisierten, regionalen Bewegungsangeboten, jedoch gibt es aktuell noch viele Barrieren in der Verordnung von korperlicher Aktivitat. Um dieser Herausforderung gerecht zu werden, fordert die Osterreichische Diabetes Gesellschaft die Position des Bewegungsberaters als fixen Bestandteil eines multidisziplinaren Behandlungsansatzes.

[Lifestyle: physical activity and training as prevetion and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)].

Objective Health clubs (HC) and personal trainers (PT) are traditional outlets for the promotion of physical activity (PA) and exercise programming. As physicians are increasingly being called on to write exercise prescriptions for their patients, this study sought to investigate the level of integration between the healthcare and fitness systems. Design An internet study was designed with five domains to understand physicians’: (1) overall perception of HC, (2) appropriateness and recommendation of HC and PT to their patients, (3) attitude regarding specific aspects of HC, (4) support of patient participation in HC sponsored exercise and (5) elements of HC that physicians would like to know for referral. Methods An electronic survey was sent to members of two mailing lists of primary care and sports medicine specialty physicians during 2011–2012. Results On a Likert scale of 1–10 412 physicians reported being familiar with HC (8.9±2.1), indicated a favourable view of HC (7.9±2.2), and believe HC to be an appropriate venue for their patients (7.5±2.3). However, physicians only recommend HC to 41%±28% of their patients and PT for only 21%±21.6% of patients. Physicians ranked expense and convenience as the most problematic elements of HC (8.1±2.1 and 6.3±2.5, respectively). 72% of physicians indicated cost as most concerning when recommending a specific HC. Conclusion HC and PT are a significant implementation system for the promotion of physical activity, yet physicians are concerned with several elements of HC and are not adequately relying on this partnership to promote physical activity to their patients.

https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/content/bmjosem/4/1/e000369.full.pdf

Bridging the gap between clinicians and fitness professionals: a challenge to implementing exercise as medicine.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of self-efficacy and intentions measures for time spent in nature (TSN). TSN is related to improvement in psychological well-being and health, yet most American adults spend very little time in such settings. Theory-based interventions have been effective in increasing physical activity, a related behavior, and may be one mechanism to increase TSN. Self-efficacy and intentions have been shown to be strong predictors of health behaviors and are used across several theories. However, scales to measure these factors have not yet been developed and are needed to facilitate effective interventions.TSN self-efficacy and intentions scales were developed using a sequential nine-step procedure: identification of the domain and item generation; content validity; pre-testing of questions; sampling and survey administration; item reduction; extraction of factors; tests of dimensionality; tests of reliability; and tests of validity. The 14-member multidisciplinary, researcher and practitioner investigative team generated 50 unique items for self-efficacy and 24 unique items for intentions. After subjecting items to content validity and pre-testing, item sets were reduced to 21 assessing self-efficacy and nine assessing intentions. A nationwide sample of 2109 adult participants (49.7% female, Mean Age = 58.1; 59.8% White, 18.4% Hispanic, 13.3% Black) answered these items via an on-line survey.Using split-half measures, principal components analysis indicated a one-factor solution for both scales. The factor structure was upheld in confirmatory factor analyses and had high internal consistency (α = .93 self-efficacy; .91 intentions). The scales were moderately correlated with each other (r = .56, p < .001) and were strongly related to TSN with large effect sizes (eta2 > .20).The study resulted in reliable and valid self-efficacy (14 items) and intentions (8 items) scales that can be used to develop future theory-based interventions to increase TSN and thereby improve population health. 

/pdf/development-and-validation-of-self-efficacy-and-intention-1h4slgiq.pdf

Development and validation of self-efficacy and intention measures for spending time in nature

Time spent in nature (TSN) is related to improved health and well-being; however, many adults spend little time in nature. Interventions based on health behavior theories may be effective at increasing TSN. Attitudes toward a behavior have been shown to be a strong predictor of both intention and behaviors, but valid and reliable measures regarding these attitudes are lacking. The study aim was to develop a valid and reliable attitude toward TSN scale. This scale was developed using a sequential procedure: domain identification and item generation, content validity, question pretesting, survey administration, item reduction, factors extraction, dimensionality, reliability, and validity. The investigative team generated 49 unique items. Content validity and pretesting reduced the item set to 21. A countrywide sample of 2109 adults (50.3% male, median age = 58.1; 38.8% non-White) completed an online survey. Using split-half measures, principal components analysis indicated a three-factor solution: positive attitudes, negative attitudes, and concerns about being in nature. The factor structure was upheld in confirmatory factor analyses with strong internal consistency (α = 0.92 positive attitudes; 0.84 negative attitudes; 0.84 concerns). The scales were strongly related to intentions and TSN with large effect sizes. The study resulted in a reliable and valid three-factor attitudes toward spending time in nature scale that could be used to develop interventions to increase TSN. 

Development and Validation of an Attitude Toward Spending Time in Nature Scale

Patient education in sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Knowledge, attitude/belief, and practice findings among otolaryngologists and otologists in China

The purpose of the systematic review was to identify, evaluate, and synthesize evidence from available published literature examining the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on youth physical activity (PA). A systematic review of the literature was conducted for years 2020-2021. Published articles were searched in eight databases. Inclusion criteria included: availability of full-text, written in English language, and reported quantitative or qualitative results of original or secondary data on PA and COVID-19 related factors among youth (ages 5-17 years). A standard quality assessment tool assessed risk of bias and quality of included articles. The search retrieved 2,899 articles with 51 articles ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. The majority of articles (65 %) investigated change in PA from before to during the pandemic. Most evidence indicated an overall decrease in youth PA levels during the pandemic with differences observed among sub-populations (e.g., age, sex or gender), type, and location. Findings suggest pandemic-related closures hindered PA participation due to a high reliance on school- and sport-based PA. Programmatic strategies (e.g., activity breaks, active curriculum, free online activities/lessons) should include aligning intervention measures and geared towards evolving and ongoing PA promotion based on the latest findings. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101959

Youth physical activity and the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

The purpose of this study is to understand health care provider barriers to referring patients to Medical Fitness Center Facilities within an affiliated teaching hospital system using referral of diabetic services as an example. The aims of this study include: (1) to assess health care providers’ awareness and use of facilities, (2) to determine barriers to referring patients to facilities, (3) identify current and needed resources and/or changes to increase referral to facilities. A 20-item electronic survey and requests for semi-structured interviews were administered to hospital system directors and managers (n = 51). Directors and managers instructed physicians and staff to complete the survey and interviews as applicable. Perceived barriers, knowledge, utilization, and referral of patients to Medical Fitness Center Facilities were collected and examined. Descriptive statistics were generated regarding practice characteristics, provider characteristics, and referral. Of the health care providers surveyed and interviewed (n = 25) 40% indicated verbally suggesting use of facilities, 24% provided a flyer about the facilities. No respondents indicated that they directly referred patients to the facilities. However, 16% referred patients to other locations for physical activity - including their own department’s management and prevention services. 20% do not refer to Medical Fitness Center Facilities or any other lifestyle programs/locations. Lack of time (92%) and lack of standard guidelines and operating procedures (88%) are barriers to referral. All respondents indicated a strong ability to refer patients to Medical Fitness Center Facilities if given education about referral programs available as well as standard clinical guidelines and protocol for delivery. The results of this study indicate that, although few healthcare providers are currently referring patients to Medical Fitness Center Facilities, health care providers with an affiliated Medical Fitness Center Facility not only want clinical standard guidelines, protocol, and training to refer patients to Medical Fitness Center Facilities, but believe they have the ability to increase referral if given these tools. The Medical Fitness Association has a unique opportunity to bridge health care providers to Medical Fitness Center Facilities by developing clinical practice guidelines in cooperation with the American Diabetes Association.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12913-017-2474-y.pdf

Understanding health care provider barriers to hospital affiliated medical fitness center facility referral: a questionnaire survey and semi structured interviews.

Objective: Twitter, a microblogging service, allows users to post short messages (tweets) and link posts through hashtags, creating online communities to enable dissemination of health education. The objective of this descriptive study was to examine Twitter’s #PhysicalActivity health education and promotion efforts, including differences in response before (March 2019–February 2020) and during (March 2020–February 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, setting and methods: A codebook was developed to conduct a quantitative content analysis of #PhysicalActivity tweets before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Twitter’s Advanced Search parameters included minimum 1 reply, 25 likes and 5 retweets. Tweets were double-coded for user characteristics, community response, tweet elements (video, photo, link, questions, events, original text, survey/response, journal article, infographic) and intended audience. T-tests examined differences in researcher-generated NET response (replies + retweets + likes) between COVID-19 and comparison years. Results: Data were collected from 400 tweets. Eighty percent of tweets were from personal accounts, with over half indicating the possession of a health professional degree. Twenty-nine percent of tweets gave behavioural recommendations of which 56.8% provided a rationale. Nearly all used at least two components, text and photos most common. The general public was the most intended audience with health professionals second. While the NET response was greater during COVID-19 (M = 139.6, SD = 156.8) than prior to it (M = 116.8, SD = 105.1), the difference was not statistically significant (p = .091). Conclusion: Twitter platform provided an opportunity to disseminate health education, specifically for the promotion of physical activity, while adhering to public health recommendations to #StaySafeStayHome. Our findings provide insights into engaging this online community to inform future physical education and promotion dissemination.

Carissa Smock

Papers

Youth physical activity and the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

Understanding health care provider barriers to hospital affiliated medical fitness center facility referral: a questionnaire survey and semi structured interviews.

Development and validation of self-efficacy and intention measures for spending time in nature

Development and Validation of an Attitude Toward Spending Time in Nature Scale

Health education and promotion of #PhysicalActivity on Twitter before and during COVID-19