Showing papers by "Carl E. Zipper published in 1990"
TL;DR: The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) requires mining firms to restore mined land to "approximate original contour" (AOC) unless a variance is obtained as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) requires mining firms to restore mined land to \"approximate original contour\" (AOC) unless a variance is obtained. In central Appalachian mining regions, AOC variance applications are not common, in spite of the region's needs for flat lands. In adding the AOC variance language to legislation which became SMCRA, it was the intent of Congress to allow surface mining firms to produce flat lc_1nds to meet the needs of Appalachian communities. There are many reasons why mining firms do not choose to take advantage of the AOC variance option in more widespread fashion. Community and economic development leaders must take the initiative if AOC variance reclamation is to have an impact on central Appalachia's needs for developable lands. Legal and regulatory changes could lower barriers to AOC variance reclamation. Additional research is needed to develop technologies which will aid development of mined lands. Additional key words: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act.
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