A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

Part I: Background and Fundamentals Introduction, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame Scaling of Micromechanical Devices, William Trimmer, Standard MEMS, Inc., and Robert H. Stroud, Aerospace Corporation Mechanical Properties of MEMS Materials, William N. Sharpe, Jr., Johns Hopkins University Flow Physics, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame Integrated Simulation for MEMS: Coupling Flow-Structure-Thermal-Electrical Domains, Robert M. Kirby and George Em Karniadakis, Brown University, and Oleg Mikulchenko and Kartikeya Mayaram, Oregon State University Liquid Flows in Microchannels, Kendra V. Sharp and Ronald J. Adrian, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Juan G. Santiago and Joshua I. Molho, Stanford University Burnett Simulations of Flows in Microdevices, Ramesh K. Agarwal and Keon-Young Yun, Wichita State University Molecular-Based Microfluidic Simulation Models, Ali Beskok, Texas A&M University Lubrication in MEMS, Kenneth S. Breuer, Brown University Physics of Thin Liquid Films, Alexander Oron, Technion, Israel Bubble/Drop Transport in Microchannels, Hsueh-Chia Chang, University of Notre Dame Fundamentals of Control Theory, Bill Goodwine, University of Notre Dame Model-Based Flow Control for Distributed Architectures, Thomas R. Bewley, University of California, San Diego Soft Computing in Control, Mihir Sen and Bill Goodwine, University of Notre Dame Part II: Design and Fabrication Materials for Microelectromechanical Systems Christian A. Zorman and Mehran Mehregany, Case Western Reserve University MEMS Fabrication, Marc J. Madou, Nanogen, Inc. LIGA and Other Replication Techniques, Marc J. Madou, Nanogen, Inc. X-Ray-Based Fabrication, Todd Christenson, Sandia National Laboratories Electrochemical Fabrication (EFAB), Adam L. Cohen, MEMGen Corporation Fabrication and Characterization of Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide MEMS, Robert S. Okojie, NASA Glenn Research Center Deep Reactive Ion Etching for Bulk Micromachining of Silicon Carbide, Glenn M. Beheim, NASA Glenn Research Center Microfabricated Chemical Sensors for Aerospace Applications, Gary W. Hunter, NASA Glenn Research Center, Chung-Chiun Liu, Case Western Reserve University, and Darby B. Makel, Makel Engineering, Inc. Packaging of Harsh-Environment MEMS Devices, Liang-Yu Chen and Jih-Fen Lei, NASA Glenn Research Center Part III: Applications of MEMS Inertial Sensors, Paul L. Bergstrom, Michigan Technological University, and Gary G. Li, OMM, Inc. Micromachined Pressure Sensors, Jae-Sung Park, Chester Wilson, and Yogesh B. Gianchandani, University of Wisconsin-Madison Sensors and Actuators for Turbulent Flows. Lennart Loefdahl, Chalmers University of Technology, and Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame Surface-Micromachined Mechanisms, Andrew D. Oliver and David W. Plummer, Sandia National Laboratories Microrobotics Thorbjoern Ebefors and Goeran Stemme, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Microscale Vacuum Pumps, E. Phillip Muntz, University of Southern California, and Stephen E. Vargo, SiWave, Inc. Microdroplet Generators. Fan-Gang Tseng, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Micro Heat Pipes and Micro Heat Spreaders, G. P. "Bud" Peterson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Microchannel Heat Sinks, Yitshak Zohar, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Flow Control, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak, University of Notre Dame) Part IV: The Future Reactive Control for Skin-Friction Reduction, Haecheon Choi, Seoul National University Towards MEMS Autonomous Control of Free-Shear Flows, Ahmed Naguib, Michigan State University Fabrication Technologies for Nanoelectromechanical Systems, Gary H. Bernstein, Holly V. Goodson, and Gregory L. Snider, University of Notre Dame Index

The MEMS Handbook

Micro- and nanopatterning techniques for organic electronic and optoelectronic systems.

The prospective of using direct-write printing techniques for the manufacture of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has made these techniques highly attractive. OPVs have the potential to revolutionize small-scale portable electronic applications by directly providing electric power to the systems. However, no route is available for monolithically integrating the energy-harvesting units into a system in which other components, such as transistors, sensors, or displays, are already fabricated. Here, the fabrication and the measurement of inkjet-printed, air-processed organic solar cells is reported for the first time. Highly controlled conducting and semiconducting films using engineered inks for inkjet printing enable good efficiencies for printed OPVs between ≈2 and 5% power conversion efficiency. The results show that inkjet printing is an attractive digital printing technology for cost-effective, environmentally friendly integration of photovoltaic cells onto plastic substrates.

All-Inkjet-Printed, All-Air-Processed Solar Cells

The field of organic electronics has seen tremendous progress over the last years and all-solution-based processes are believed to be one of the key routes to ultra low-cost roll-to-roll device and circuit fabrication. In this regard a variety of functional materials has been successfully designed for inkjet printing. While orthogonal-solvent approaches have frequently been used to tackle the solubility issue in multilayer solution processing, the focus of this work lies on printed metal electrodes for organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and their curing concepts. Two metallic inkjet-printable materials are studied: i) a silver-copper nanoparticle based dispersion and ii) a soluble organic silver-precursor. Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals largely metallic properties of the cured materials, which are compared with respect to OFET performance and process-related issues. Contact resistance of the prepared metal electrodes is significantly larger than that of evaporated top-contact gold electrodes. As direct patterning via inkjet printing limits the reliably achievable channel length to values well above 10 μm, the influence of contact resistance is rather small, however, and overall device performance is comparable.

Direct ink-jet printing of Ag-Cu nanoparticle and Ag-precursor based electrodes for OFET applications

A novel RGB multicolor light-emitting polymer display

The latest developments in light-emitting-polymer (LEP) technology at CDT continue to show steady progress. Device performance for blue, green, and red systems as well as a high-performance yellow system in terms of device efficiency and stability will be described. Some of the issues associated with the commercialization of LEP technology including the development of direct-patterning techniques enabling full-color passive- and active-matrix display will be discussed.

Light-emitting polymers for full-color display applications

The development of a high-brightness low-voltage yellow-light-emitting polymer system suitable for use in low-cost passive-matrix displays will be reported. Average device efficiencies of 16 Im/W at 100 and 1000 cd/m 2 are achieved at 2.1 and 2.4 V, respectively. A luminance level of 100,000 cd/m 2 is achieved at 5.5 V.

Carl Robert Towns

Papers

A novel RGB multicolor light-emitting polymer display

Light-emitting polymers for full-color display applications

Very‐high‐brightness diodes for passive‐matrix display applications