Due to the fast development in communication technology and the emerging usage of Internet of Things (IoT) devices that produce a huge amount of data, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network is introduced to support this development. This mobile network can provide many advanced communication features in cellular phones. But unfortunately, this technology faces many challenges. One of its defective challenges is the management of a massive number of devices running different services, so Software Defined Network (SDN) is proposed as a key technology to overcome this drawback. SDN architecture provides higher flexibility, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency in 5G mobile networks. There are usually different architectures for the SDN control plane. We study some of these architectures, and we conciliate the usage of Logically Centralized-Physically Distributed (LC-PD) controller management architecture in 5G networks. This architecture enables providing higher throughput, and lower latency compared to other control plane architectures. In this paper, we focus on the demonstration that the LC-PD control plane architecture improves communication efficiency and the Quality of Services (QoS) of running internet services in the 5G mobile network. We use the Mininet-WIFI emulator in our simulation tests. Our conducted simulations show that employing the LC-PD control plane architecture in 5G networks enhances the QoS of Internet services compared to other SDN implementations.

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Software Defined Network-Based Management for Enhanced 5G Network Services

Objectives The Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications are growing simultaneously. These applications need new intelligent devices along heterogeneous networking. Which makes them costly to implement indeed. Platforms and open devices designed for open-source hardware are possible solutions. This research was conducted under an IoT design, implementation, and assessment model for the remote monitoring of pulse oximetry via oxygen partial saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) with low-energy consumption. Methods This study focused on the development of SpO2 and HR measurements that will allow the monitoring and estimation in real time of the user's state and health related to the established parameters. Measurements were acquired and recorded using a remote web server that recorded the acquired variables for further processing. The statistical analysis data allows comparison of the registered data measured with theoretical models. Results The IoT model was developed use Bluetooth low-energy devices, which comply with low-cost and open-hardware solutions operated via 'HTTP requests' for data transmission and reception from a cloud server to an edge device. Network performance assessment was conducted to guarantee the availability and integrity of the acquired values and signals. The system measured SpO2 and HR variables. The most significant result was to achieve energy consumption 20% lower than that of devices in the market. Conclusions In summary, the acquired data validation based on the IoT model had a transmission error of 0.001% which proves its applicability in healthcare.

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Internet of Things Applied in Healthcare Based on Open Hardware with Low-Energy Consumption.

Background: Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have been drawing noteworthy academic and industrial attention. A WBAN states a network dedicated to acquire personal biomedical data via cutting-edge sensors and to transmit healthcare-related commands to particular types of actuators intended for health purposes. Still, different proprietary designs exist, which may lead to biased assessments. This paper studies the role of Software-Defined Radio (SDR) in a WBAN system for inpatient and outpatient monitoring and explains to health professionals the importance of the SDR within WBANs.
Methods: A concern related to all wireless networks is their dependence on hardware, which limits reprogramming or reconfiguration alternatives. If an error happens in the equipment, firmware, or software, then, typically, there will be no way to fix system vulnerabilities. SDR solves many fixed-hardware problems with other benefits.
Results: SDR entails more healthcare domain dynamics with more network convergence in agreement with the stakeholders involved. Then the SDR perspective can bring in innovation to the healthcare subsystems’ interoperability with recombination/reprogramming of their parts, updating, and malleability.
Conclusion: SDR technology has many utilizations in radio environments and is becoming progressively more widespread among all kinds of users. Nowadays, there are many frameworks to manipulate radio signals only with a computer and an inexpensive SDR arrangement. Moreover, providing a very cheap radio receiver/transmitter equipment, SDR devices can be merged with free software to simplify the spectrum analyses, provide interferences detection, deliver efficient frequency distribution assignments, test repeaters' operation while measuring their parameters, identify spectrum intruders and characterize noise according to frequency bands.

http://medtech.ichsmt.org/index.php/MTJ/article/download/261/150

Why Software-Defined Radio (SDR) Matters in Healthcare?

El trabajo propuesto es disenar e implementar antenas Microstrip de banda ancha para aplicaciones en Wi-Fi y redes de sensores que operen en las bandas de 2.4GHz, 5GHz y las bandas de 915MHz y 2.4GHz respectivamente, con ganancias superiores 3.5dBi y polarizacion lineal.

Nuevas propuestas de antenas Microstrip de Banda Ancha

Separating data and control planes by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) not only handles networks centrally and smartly. However, through implementing innovative protocols by centralized controllers, it also contributes flexibility to computer networks. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) and the implementation of 5G have increased the number of heterogeneous connected devices, creating a huge amount of data. Hence, the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning is significant. Thanks to SDN controllers, which are programmable and versatile enough to incorporate machine learning algorithms to handle the underlying networks while keeping the network abstracted from controller applications. In this chapter, a software-defined networking management system powered by AI (SDNMS-PAI) is proposed for end-to-end (E2E) heterogeneous networks. By applying artificial intelligence to the controller, we will demonstrate this regarding E2E resource management. SDNMS-PAI provides an architecture with a global view of the underlying network and manages the E2E heterogeneous networks with AI learning.

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Management of Software-Defined Networking Powered by Artificial Intelligence

This study proposes, experimentally demonstrates, and simulates a network architecture for the transport of millimeter waves (MMW) based on Radio over Fiber (RoF) techniques for the transport of signals in the fronthaul segment of the next 5G generation mobile systems. Such approach exploits the benefits of bidirectional single-sideband modulation in order to generate an optical subcarrier for the downlink transmission and a second subcarrier for the transport of the uplink services, as well as the centralization of optical sources. The proposed architecture is evaluated based on the analyses of the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in both downlink and uplink. Likewise, simulation modeling of the approach was conducted in order to evaluate the quality of the MMW signals at different frequencies available in the MMW spectrum. The results show a power penalty lower than 2 dB for a 1x1-12 BER and an EVM below 12% within a power margin of 6 dB, which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach.

/pdf/bidirectional-single-sideband-transmission-of-millimeter-5g9uhgohnk.pdf

Bidirectional single sideband transmission of Millimeter Waves over Fiber for 5G Mobile Networks

/pdf/transmision-bidireccional-en-banda-lateral-unica-de-ondas-1s4t3wqjv5.pdf

Transmisión bidireccional en banda lateral única de ondas milimétricas sobre fibra para redes móviles 5G

Este articulo presenta el analisis de prestaciones de una configuracion para la regeneracion optica 2R (re-amplificacion y re-formado de onda) mediante Compresion de Ganancia Cruzada (XGC) y Modulacion de Ganancia Cruzada (XGM) sobre un Amplificador Optico de Semiconductor de Multiples Pozos Cuanticos (MQW-SOA). Se desarrollo un modelo logaritmico y se configuro en un simulador de eventos discretos. Los resultados de simulacion muestran que con XGC se puede lograr satisfactoriamente la regeneracion optica 2R pero tambien muestra deficiencias cuando se usa en nodos en cascada debido a la existencia de diferentes niveles de amplificacion en los bits procesados.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6009597.pdf

Performance analysis of 2R optical regeneration by cross gain compression using multiple quantum well semiconductor optical amplifiers

This paper presents a dynamic architecture for convergent wired and wireless access networks in Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) based Passive Optical Network (PON) featuring wavelength stacking. Four wavelengths for wired services carrying 10 Gb/s traffic load, one shared extra reconfigurable wavelength and one wavelength common to all Optical Network Units (ONUs) for the transport of wireless services were launched into a 1:64 splitting ratio PON network. In the ONU, a tunable free spaced Fourier optics based filter selects one of the wavelengths conveying wired services and a tunable Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) filters out the wavelength carrying the wireless services. In the uplink direction, subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) was used for the combined transport of the wired and wireless signals to the Central Office (CO).

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Dynamic wired-wireless architecture for WDM stacking access networks

This paper presents the design process (including optimization and characterization) of a band-pass filter through the use of OSRR-structured meta-material cells over micro-strip substrates. The proposed design, which stems from the OSRR cell model, includes a partial ground plane etched at the bottom plane instead of, and square windows etched at the bottom plane and achieve optimization through a parametric analysis carried out over the transmission-line segments that connect the cells to the main transmission line as well as over inter-cell lines. The results yielded a resonance central frequency and a corresponding bandwidth of 2.7 GHz and 700MHz, respectively. By controlling the length of the connecting lines from the cells to the main transmission line, it is possible to tune the central frequency to a lower frequency than that of an OSRR cell. With respect to the ground plane windows version, the partial ground plane version has the capacity to add transmission zero (4.6GHz) above a/the transmission pole, which improves the rejection depth (8dB) without increasing the filter size.

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Carlos Arturo Suárez-Fajardo

Papers

Bidirectional single sideband transmission of Millimeter Waves over Fiber for 5G Mobile Networks

Transmisión bidireccional en banda lateral única de ondas milimétricas sobre fibra para redes móviles 5G

Performance analysis of 2R optical regeneration by cross gain compression using multiple quantum well semiconductor optical amplifiers

Dynamic wired-wireless architecture for WDM stacking access networks

Filtro pasa banda usando celdas OSRR