Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder. Natural therapies are becoming more popular for preventing disease onset. Clove essential oil (CEO), a potent antioxidant derived from Syzygium aromaticum buds, was tested in vitro (SH-SY5Y) and in vivo (PD rat model) for its ability to protect against 6-OHDA-induced cell death. Twenty-four hours of SH-SY5Y cells' exposure to 6-OHDA (100 µM) drastically decreased cell viability. At doses lesser than 20 µg/ml, CEO and its main component eugenol (EG) had no cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y. CEO and EG at doses of 2.5-20 µg/ml provided significant neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced cell death. A PD rat model was generated by injecting 6-OHDA (21µg/animal) unilaterally into the striatum. An assessment of motor performance can predict neuronal cell loss in the substancia nigra compacta (SNc). Compared to 6-OHDA-lesioned, CEO-treated (10mg/Kg) rats' locomotor performance (actimetry and cylinder tests) improved significantly one and two weeks after 6-OHDA-lesion. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cell count showed a significant decrease in cell death in ipsilateral SNc in both CEO-treated and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats when compared to contralateral. In contrast to the 6-OHDA-lesioned group, the ipsilateral SNc of the CEO-treated group showed a significant high TH cell number. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of CEO was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo against 6-OHDA cytotoxicity. Therefore, CEO could be used as a food supplement for PD prevention. 

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The neuroprotective effect of Clove essential oil against 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH- SY5Y and a rat model of Parkinson's disease

Neuroprotection and NRF2 signaling cascade analysis of new synthetic cinnamic acid-Eugenol hybrids

Abstract Oxidative stress is related to health problems including neurological and neurodegenerativedisturbs, such as Parkinson’s disease. Natural compounds are reported as source of antioxidant molecules. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and neuroprotective potential of a new diterpene isolated from C. argyrophylloides (MP-1). Male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were used to evaluate MP-1 antiparkinsonian potential through neurodegenerative model induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (21 μg). On the 14th day, animals were submitted to behavioral tests and on the 15th day, brain areas were dissected to neurochemical analyzes. MP-1 demonstrated a high antioxidant capacity in vitro and decreased the parkinsonian effects, such as behavioral changes, motor alterations, and body weight loss. MP-1 was also able to control the upregulated levels of nitrosative stress and lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest MP-1 as a diterpene with high antioxidant capacity which might be used to development of new approach against Parkinson’s disease. Graphical Abstract

Assessment of antioxidant and antiparkinsonian potential of a new diterpene isolated from Croton argyrophylloides

Oxidative stress is involved in many pathological disturbs, such as neurodegenerative disorders. Eugenol (Eug) is a phenolic compound with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Then, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Eug on oxidative stress model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats. Firstly, the in vivo oxidative stress model was performed by intrastriatal injection (int.) of 6-OHDA (21 µg), followed by the treatment of Eug (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg/7 days) per os (p.o.). On the 7 th day, behavioural tests were performed. On the 8 th day, all the animals were euthanasied and their cerebral areas were excised for neurochemical and transcriptional analyses. The results showed that the treatment with Eug promoted neuroprotective effects on in vivo through reducing of oxidative stress and modulation of genes related to antioxidant activity. Furthermore, animals treated with Eug demonstrated returning of behavioural performance and body weight gain to normal conditions. Thus, the present study reports the neuroprotective effects of Eugenol against oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats.

Carlos Franciney Moreira Vasconcelos

Papers

Impact of eugenol on in vivo model of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress.