Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients.

Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis)

All metals in contact with biological systems undergo corrosion. This electrochemical process leads to the formation of metal ions, which may activate the immune system by forming complexes with endogenous proteins.

Implant degradation products have been shown to be associated with dermatitis, urticaria, and vasculitis. If cutaneous signs of an allergic response appear after implantation of a metal device, metal sensitivity should be considered. Currently, there is no generally accepted test for the clinical determination of metal hypersensitivity to implanted devices.

The prevalence of dermal sensitivity in patients with a joint replacement device, particularly those with a failed implant, is substantially higher than that in the general population.

Until the roles of delayed hypersensitivity and humoral immune responses to metallic orthopaedic implants are more clearly defined, the risk to patients may be considered minimal.

It is currently unclear whether metal sensitivity is a contributing factor to implant failure.

Implant-related metal sensitivity has been well documented in case and group studies; however, overall it remains a relatively unpredictable and poorly understood phenomenon in the context of orthopaedic implant materials1-3. Dermal hypersensitivity to metal is common, affecting about 10% to 15% of the population1,2,4,5. Dermal contact with and ingestion of metals have been reported to cause immune reactions, which most typically manifest as hives, eczema, redness, and itching1,6,7. Historically, the ability of implant materials to demonstrate appropriate host and material responses has resulted in the elimination of candidate materials based on observation of adverse host responses. However, some adverse responses are difficult to characterize in preclinical and clinical settings because of their infrequent or subtle nature. In vivo metal hypersensitivity or hypersensitivity-like reactivity to metallic biomaterials is one such response. Although little is known …

/pdf/metal-sensitivity-in-patients-with-orthopaedic-implants-2vb9pvk2hl.pdf

Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants.

Cobalt toxicity in humans—a review of the potential sources and systemic health effects

Skin testing with a suspected drug has been reported to be helpful in determining the cause of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADR). Many isolated reports of positive drug skin tests are published, but without detailed information concerning the clinical features of the CADR and the method used in performing drug skin tests, such data are not very informative. A working party of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD) for the study of skin testing in investigating cutaneous adverse drug reactions, has proposed the herein-reported guidelines for performing skin testing in CADR in order to standardize these procedures. In each reported case, the imputability of each drug taken at the onset of the CADR and a highly detailed description and characterization of the dermatitis need to be given. Drug skin tests are performed 6 weeks to 6 months after complete healing of the CADR. Drug patch tests are performed according to the methods used in patch testing in studying contact dermatitis. The commercialized form of the drug used by the patient is tested diluted at 30% pet. (pet.) and/or water (aq.). The pure drug is tested diluted at 10% in pet. or aq. In severe CADR, drug patch tests are performed at lower concentrations. It is also of value to test on the most affected site of the initial CADR. Drug prick tests are performed on the volar forearm skin with the commercialized form of the drug, but with sequential dilutions in cases of urticaria. Intradermal tests (IDT) are performed with sterile sequential dilutions (10-4, 10-3, 10-2, 10-1) of a pure sterile or an injectable form of the suspected drug with a small volume of 0.04 ml. Drug skin tests need to be read at 20 min and also later at D2 and D4 for patch tests, at D1 for prick tests and IDT. All these tests also need to be read at 1 week. The success of skin tests varies with the drug tested, with a high % of positive results, for example, with betalactam antibiotics, pristinamycin, carbamazepine and tetrazepam on patch testing, or with betalactam antibiotics and heparins on delayed readings of IDT. The results of drug skin tests also depend on the clinical features of the CADR. The use of appropriate control patients is necessary to avoid false-positive results.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450601.x

Guidelines for performing skin tests with drugs in the investigation of cutaneous adverse drug reactions.

272 children up to the age of 14 years were patch tested during a 10-year period (1982-1991). 101 children (37.1%) gave positive reactions to 1 or more allergens. Of these, 54.4% (57/101), were considered relevant. The main allergens were, in order of frequency: nickel, rubber compounds, mercuric chloride, cobalt salts, thimerosal, benzoyl peroxide and fragrance mix.

Contact dermatitis in children.

The latest trends in the use and composition of dental prostheses have been reviewed, and 66 patients referred by dermatologists and odontologists patch tested. The allergen series used were: TRUE Test standard series; Chemotechnique dental screening series; specially prepared metals series. The allergens found to be positive, in order of frequency, were: nickel, cobalt, potassium dichromate, rhodium, palladium, mercury, beryllium, methyl methacrylate, copper and zinc.

Contact dermatitis and adverse oral mucous membrane reactions related to the use of dental prostheses.

230 patients with occupational dermatitis in I ho metallurgic industry were studied with standard patch tests (GEIDC) and an oil series. An occupational and clinical questionnaire survey was carried out, Responses to paraphenylenediamine, chrome, cobalt in the standard series, and benzisothiazolone, triethanolamine, and Grotan BK® were the main positive results.

Occupational dermatoses from cutting oils

Estudio epidemiológico de la dermatitis alérgica de contacto en España (2001)

The authors show the results obtained during the 5-year period 1973–1977 in 4600 patch tested patients in the Allergy Department of Barcelona University. The results obtained with the most common allergens (nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, para compounds, cobalt and rubber) are studied separately. The results of testing with the allergens with a low incidence of positives are also shown. The results are compared with those published by the NACDG on 1200 patients and by Brun in Geneva on 1000 patients; 5.02 % of the tested patients showed sensitization to benzidine.

Carlos Romaguera

Papers

Contact dermatitis in children.

Contact dermatitis and adverse oral mucous membrane reactions related to the use of dental prostheses.

Occupational dermatoses from cutting oils

Estudio epidemiológico de la dermatitis alérgica de contacto en España (2001)

Statistical and comparative study of 4600 patients tested in Barcelona (1973-1977).