The ability of plants to respond to natural enemies might depend on the availability of genetic variation for the optimal phenotypic expression of defence. Selfing can affect the distribution of genetic variability of plant fitness, resistance and tolerance to herbivores and pathogens. The hypothesis of inbreeding depression influencing plant defence predicts that inbreeding would reduce resistance and tolerance to damage by natural enemies relative to outcrossing. In a field experiment entailing experimentally produced inbred and outcrossed progenies, we assessed the effects of one generation of selfing on Datura stramonium resistance and tolerance to three types of natural enemies, herbivores, weevils and a virus. We also examined the effect of damage on relative growth rate (RGR), flower, fruit, and seed production in inbred and outcrossed plants. Inbreeding significantly reduced plant defence to natural enemies with an increase of 4% in herbivore damage and 8% in viral infection. These results indicate inbreeding depression in total resistance. Herbivory increased 10% inbreeding depression in seed number, but viral damage caused inbred and outcrossed plants to have similar seed production. Inbreeding and outcrossing effects on fitness components were highly variable among families, implying that different types or numbers of recessive deleterious alleles segregate following inbreeding in D. stramonium. Although inbreeding did not equally alter all the interactions, our findings indicate that inbreeding reduced plant defence to herbivores and pathogens in D. stramonium.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02185.x

The effect of inbreeding on defence against multiple enemies in Datura stramonium.

http://english.nwipb.cas.cn/rh/rp/201210/P020121031807965229705.pdf

Genetic diversity of the endangered and medically important Lycium ruthenicum Murr. revealed by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers

Selection exerted by herbivores is a major force driving the evolution of plant defensive characters such as leaf trichomes or secondary metabolites. However, plant defense expression is highly variable among populations and identifying the sources of this variation remains a major challenge. Plant populations are often distributed across broad geographic ranges and are exposed to different herbivore communities, ranging from generalists (that feed on diverse plant species) to specialists (that feed on a restricted group of plants). We studied eight populations of the plant Datura stramonium usually eaten by specialist or generalist herbivores, in order to examine whether the pattern of phenotypic selection on secondary compounds (atropine and scopolamine) and a physical defense (trichome density) can explain geographic variation in these traits. Following co-evolutionary theory, we evaluated whether a more derived alkaloid (scopolamine) confers higher fitness benefits than its precursor (atropine), and whether this effect differs between specialist and generalist herbivores. Our results showed consistent directional selection in almost all populations and herbivores to reduce the concentration of atropine. The most derived alkaloid (scopolamine) was favored in only one of the populations, which is dominated by a generalist herbivore. In general, the patterns of selection support the existence of a selection mosaic and accounts for the positive correlation observed between atropine concentration and plant damage by herbivores recorded in previous studies.

/pdf/selection-mosaic-exerted-by-specialist-and-generalist-26ia26j5gc.pdf

Selection mosaic exerted by specialist and generalist herbivores on chemical and physical defense of Datura stramonium.

There is a high incidence of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita in several economically important species of Solanaceae. This nematode causes damage to the roots, leading even to the death ofthe plant, causing economic losses for the producer. This research was carried out in greenhouse to assess the response of five species of wild Solanaceae (Solanum auriculatum, S.hirtum, S.hispidum,S.arboreum and Nicotiana glauca) to the infestation of M. incognita was evaluated. A randomized block design with three replicates was used. The initial inoculum was obtained from infested roots of treetomato (S. betaceum Cav.), which was propagated in kidney tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) hibrid ‘Sheila’ which was used to inoculate the wild Solanaceae plus two susceptible controls (S. betaceum and S. quitoense) were inoculated with a dose of 2500 larvae. According to the reproduction factor of the nematode, S. arboreum, S. hirtum and N. glauca showed resistance because obtained values less than 1. In addition, S. hirtum (14.88) and N. glauca (22.67) showed the lowest number of root knots. In terms of foliage yield (dry weight), a response of tolerance was observed in all species except for the controls. It can be concluded that S. hirtum (compatible with S. quitoense - naranjilla) and N. glauca (compatible with S. betaceum - tree tomato) might be used as rootstocks of Solanaceae fruit crops of commercial importance in Ecuador, contributing to the integrated fruit production system.

/pdf/parasitism-of-the-root-knot-nematode-meloidogyne-incognita-1zz0u7eoek.pdf

Parasitism of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and white) chitwood in five wild solanaceae species

Lycianthes tricolor was first described (in Solanum) in 1813, based on a painting from the Sesse and Mocino expedition to New Spain. In 1904, the similar L. arrazolensis was described (also in Solanum), and since that time, plant collectors have had difficulty separating L. tricolor from L. arrazolensis. Since then four more species allied to L. tricolor and L. arrazolensis have been described: L. surotatensis in 1948, L. jalicensis in 1998, and more recently L. venturana and L. michaelneei in 2014. This article provides a key to separate the six species included in series Tricolores, with updated species descriptions, synonymy, typification, distribution, and illustrations of characteristics (i.e. stamens, seeds, calyces). We include discussion of specimens that belong in series Tricolores, but are difficult to place and require additional study, as well as the uncertain status of L. arrazolensis var. patentipila.

https://bioone.org/journals/systematic-botany/volume-42/issue-1/036364417X694566/Identification-of-the-Species-of-Lycianthes-series-Tricolores-Capsiceae-Solanaceae/10.1600/036364417X694566.pdf

Identification of the Species of Lycianthes series Tricolores (Capsiceae, Solanaceae)

MEXICO IS A CENTER OF DIVERSITY FOR SOLANACEAE. OUR OBJECTIVE IS TO ANALYZE THE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOLANACEAE IN JALISCO. THE DATA COME FROM 3 405 HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. AN ANALYSIS OF THESE SPECIMENS INDICATES THAT THE SOLANACEAE IN JALISCO ARE REPRESENTED BY 20 GENERA, 138 SPECIES AND 140 TAXA. FOUR GENERA, SOLANUM (55 SPECIES), PHYSALIS (35), CESTRUM (10) AND LYCIANTHES (9) REPRESENT 79% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES. IN CONTRAST, BRACHISTUS, BROWALLIA, CHAMAESARACHA, JALTOMATA, JUANULLOA, LYCIUM, NECTOUXIA, NICANDRA AND NIERENBERGIA HAVE ONLY 1 SPECIES EACH. IN JALISCO, THE SOLANACEAE ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE STATE OCCURRING AT ALTITUDES RANGING FROM SEA LEVEL TO 3 400 M. MOSTLY, THEY GROW IN CONIFER AND OAK FOREST (81 SPECIES) FOLLOWED BY TROPICAL SUBDECIDUOUS FOREST (57), TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST (54), AND CLOUD FOREST (43). FIFTY-ONE SPECIES ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN DISTURBED AND RUDERAL AREAS. LYCIANTHES JALICENSIS, PHYSALIS LIGNESENS, P. LONGIPEDICELLATA, P. LONGILOBA AND P. TAMAYOI ARE ENDEMIC TO THE STATE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT JALISCO RANKS FOURTH IN SPECIES DIVERSITY FOR SOLANACEAE AFTER THE STATES OF OAXACA, CHIAPAS AND VERACRUZ

Solanaceae diversity in the state of Jalisco, Mexico

http://www.revista.ib.unam.mx/index.php/bio/article/download/533/1973

Carmen Teresa Cuevas Arias

Papers

Solanaceae diversity in the state of Jalisco, Mexico

Diversidad de la familia Solanaceae en el estado de Jalisco, México