http://amborella.net/2010PlantSystematics/DATA/3-24-APG%202003%20Bot%20J%20Linn%20Soc%20APGII.pdf

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II

Chloroplast DNA sequences are a primary source of data for plant molecular systematic studies. A few key papers have provided the molecular systematics community with universal primer pairs for noncoding regions that have dominated the field, namely trnL-trnF and trnK/matK. These two regions have provided adequate information to resolve species relationships in some taxa, but often provide little resolution at low taxonomic levels. To obtain better phylogenetic resolution, sequence data from these regions are often coupled with other sequence data. Choosing an appropriate cpDNA region for phylogenetic investigation is difficult because of the scarcity of information about the tempo of evolutionary rates among different noncoding cpDNA regions. The focus of this investigation was to determine whether there is any predictable rate heterogeneity among 21 noncoding cpDNA regions identified as phylogenetically useful at low levels. To test for rate heterogeneity among the different cpDNA regions, we used three species from each of 10 groups representing eight major phylogenetic lineages of phanerogams. The results of this study clearly show that a survey using as few as three representative taxa can be predictive of the amount of phylogenetic information offered by a cpDNA region and that rate heterogeneity exists among noncoding cpDNA regions.

The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis

INTRODUCTION. Internal Organization of the Plant Body. Summary of Types of Cells and Tissues. General References. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED PLANT. The Embryo. From embryo to the Adult Plant. Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives. Differentiation, Specialization, and Morphogenesis. References. THE CELL. Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Plastids. Mitochondria. Microbodies. Vacuoles. Paramural Bodies. Ribosomes. Dictyosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum. Lipid Globules. Microtubules. Ergastic Substances. References. CELL WALL. Macromolecular Components and Their Organization in the Wall. Cell Wall Layers. Intercellular Spaces. Pits, Primary Pit--Fields, and Plasmodesmata. Origin of Cell Wall During Cell Division. Growth of Cell Wall. References. PARENCHYMA AND COLLENCHYMA. Parenchyma. Collenchyma. References. SCLERENCHYMA. Sclereids. Fibers. Development of Sclereids and Fibers. References. EPIDERMIS. Composition. Developmental Aspects. Cell Wall. Stomata. Trichomes. References. XYLEM: GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CELL TYPES. Gross Structure of Secondary Xylem. Cell Types in the Secondary Xylem. Primary Xylem. Differentiation of Tracheary Elements. References. XYLEM: VARIATION IN WOOD STRUCTURE. Conifer Wood. Dicotyledon Wood. Some Factors in Development of Secondary Xylem. Identification of Wood. References. VASCULAR CAMBIUM. Organization of Cambium. Developmental Changes in the Initial Layer. Patterns and Causal Relations in Cambial Activity. References. PHLOEM. Cell Types. Primary Phloem. Secondary Phloem. References. PERIDERM. Structure of Periderm and Related Tissues. Development of Periderm. Outer Aspect of Bark in Relation to Structure. Lenticels. References. SECRETORY STRUCTURES. External Secretory Structures. Internal Secretory Structures. References. THE ROOT: PRIMARY STATE OF GROWTH. Types of Roots. Primary Structure. Development. References. THE ROOT: SECONDARY STATE OF GROWTH AND ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS. Common Types of Secondary Growth. Variations in Secondary Growths. Physiologic Aspects of Secondary Growth in Roots. Adventitious Roots. References. THE STEM: PRIMARY STATE OF GROWTH. External Morphology. Primary Structure. Development. References. THE STEM: SECONDARY GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL TYPES. Secondary Growth. Types of Stems. References. THE LEAF: BASIC STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT. Morphology. Histology of Angiosperm Leaf. Development. Abscission. References. THE LEAF: VARIATIONS IN STRUCTURE. Leaf Structure and Environment. Dicotyledon Leaves. Monocotyledon Leaves. Gymnosperm Leaves. References. THE FLOWER: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT. Concept. Structure. Development. References. THE FLOWER: REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE. Microsporogenesis. Pollen. Male Gametophyte. Megasporogenesis. Female Gametophyte. Fertilization. References. THE FRUIT. Concept and Classification. The Fruit Wall. Fruit Types. Fruit Growths. Fruit Abscission. References. THE SEED. Concept and Morphology. Seed Development. Seed Coat. Nutrient Storage Tissues. References. EMBRYO AND SEEDLING. Mature Embryo. Development of Embryo. Classification of Embryos. Seedling. References. Glossary. Index.

Anatomy of Seed Plants

Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are distributed among all taxonomic levels of photosynthetic organisms from small algae to angiosperms and giant gymnosperms. Accumulation of crystals by these organisms can be substantial. Major functions of CaOx crystal formation in plants include high-capacity calcium (Ca) regulation and protection against herbivory. Ultrastructural and developmental analyses have demonstrated that this biomineralization process is not a simple random physical-chemical precipitation of endogenously synthesized oxalic acid and environmentally derived Ca. Instead, crystals are formed in specific shapes and sizes. Genetic regulation of CaOx formation is indicated by constancy of crystal morphology within species, cell specialization, and the remarkable coordination of crystal growth and cell expansion. Using a variety of approaches, researchers have begun to unravel the exquisite control mechanisms exerted by cells specialized for CaOx formation that include the machinery for uptake and accumulation of Ca, oxalic acid biosynthetic pathways, and regulation of crystal growth.

CALCIUM OXALATE IN PLANTS: Formation and Function

The clusioid clade is one of the major subclades identified within the large, diverse rosid order Malpighiales, using molecular data. However, nonmolecular synapomorphies are unclear, and more comparative data are needed to elucidate deep relationships within the order. In this article, pollen and tapetum characters are reevaluated in relation to recent hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships within clusioids. This is done to shed light on the evolution of pollen and tapetum, particularly the evolution of pollen dyads, and also to assess the potential utility of pollen and tapetal characters in the systematics of the clusioids. The comparative morphology of pollen and tapetum is examined in selected taxa from Bonnetiaceae (Bonnetia), Calophylaceae (Caraipa), Clusiaceae (Clusia, Garcinia), Hypericaceae (Hypericum), and Podostemaceae (Podostemum). Pollen and tapetum characters in clusioids and selected outgroups are tabulated, based on both original observations and an extensive literature search, and then...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667614

Pollen Evolution in the Clusioid Clade (Malpighiales)

Many epacrids (Ericales: Ericaceae: Styphelioideae) possess the highly unusual character of variable sterility of some members of the pollen tetrad, producing tetrads, triads, dyads, and monads. In Leucopogon and Styphelia (Styphelioideae: Styphelieae), remarkably, three of the four cells produced by meiosis regularly degenerate. In this article, pollen structure was examined using TEM in nine species of Styphelioideae from five different tribes, together with pollen development in Leucopogon parviflorus. Both living and rehydrated herbarium material was used. Data on pollen units in Ericaceae, on the basis of these original observations and the results of an extensive literature survey, were optimized on an rbcL phylogeny, and a hypothesis for pollen evolution in Ericaceae is proposed. Monad pollen is plesiomorphic in Ericaceae, and pollen dispersed in permanent tetrahedral tetrads has evolved from this condition, possibly because of mutations in genes controlling callose deposition and the degradation o...

Pollen Evolution and Development in Ericaceae, with Particular Reference to Pseudomonads and Variable Pollen Sterility in Styphelioideae

Pollen morphology of Violaceae, a family of c. 825–900 species, has been little studied to date, with the exception of Viola. In this paper, we present the results of a survey of the pollen of representative species of 16 of the 23 genera of Violaceae, examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and selectively transmission electron microscopy. Pollen grains are isopolar monads with a mean polar diameter of 30.2 μm and a mean equatorial diameter of 34.1 μm. Unusually, two size classes were found in pollen of Fusispermum. The shape of Violaceae pollen is mostly suboblate or oblate spheroidal with an obtuse convex triangular amb. The apertures are tricolporate with the exception of Paypayrola where the pollen observed was dicolporate, and the endoapertures are mostly lalongate pores. The pollen surface is usually perforate and granular. The exine is tectate perforate and columellate, usually with thickened endexine at the apertures. Pollen descriptions are provided for 21 taxa rep...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00173134.2012.679310

Not a shrinking violet: Pollen morphology of Violaceae (Malpighiales)

Summary The pollen morphology of 34 species of Hygrophila R. Br. and 11 species of Brillantaisia P. Beauv. was examined with light, scanning electron, and selectively with transmission electron microscopy. Both genera are characterized by 4-colporate pollen, with the ectexine divided into bands by pseudocolpi, usually 3–4 between each colporus, and a thick, continuous en- dexine. Nine pollen types and six subtypes are recognized here, on the basis of the sculpturing of the ectexine bands, the number and pattern of the pseudocolpi, and the nature of the endoapertures. Pollen morphology supports the close relationship between Hygrophila and Brillantaisia. Only two species of Brillantaisia have pollen of a type which is not also found in Hygrophila. In Hygrophila, pollen morphology indicates groups of species which may be closely related, and there is evidence for differences between Old and New World species.

The pollen morphology of Hygrophila and Brillantaisia (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae)

Pollen and orbicule ontogeny in representatives of three genera of Dioscoreales—Narthecium ossifragum Huds (Nartheciaceae), Tacca artocarpifolia Seem and Tacca chantrieri Andre (Dioscoreaceae), and Dioscorea communis (L) Caddick & Wilkin (Dioscoreaceae)—is described and illustrated using LM, SEM, and TEM The main difference is in microsporogenesis, which is successive in Narthecium Huds and simultaneous in Tacca JR & G Forst and Dioscorea L This is reflected in the tetrad configuration but not in the apertures: Narthecium and Tacca are monosulcate, while Dioscorea has two equatorial apertures Other features of pollen development are similar in all three genera Exine development starts at the proximal pole, and during the tetrad stage, the exine remains thicker at this pole Intine development begins before mitosis A conspicuously channeled intine forms beneath the aperture(s) in all three genera, and in Tacca it also occurs in nonapertural regions After mitosis, the generative cell is situat

/pdf/comparative-pollen-development-in-dioscoreales-5fpch4le1t.pdf

Carol A. Furness

Papers

Pollen Evolution in the Clusioid Clade (Malpighiales)

Pollen Evolution and Development in Ericaceae, with Particular Reference to Pseudomonads and Variable Pollen Sterility in Styphelioideae

Not a shrinking violet: Pollen morphology of Violaceae (Malpighiales)

The pollen morphology of Hygrophila and Brillantaisia (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae)

Comparative Pollen Development in Dioscoreales