Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of ocean acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions.

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Ocean Acidification: The Other CO 2 Problem

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 414-432.Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is altering the seawater chemistry of the world’s oceans with consequences for marine biota. Elevated partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) is causing the calcium carbonate saturation horizon to shoal in many regions, particularly in high latitudes and regions that intersect with pronounced hypoxic zones. The ability of marine animals, most importantly pteropod molluscs, foraminifera, and some benthic invertebrates, to produce calcareous skeletal structures is directly affected by seawater CO 2 chemistry. CO 2 influences the physiology of marine organisms as well through acid-base imbalance and reduced oxygen transport capacity. The few studies at relevant pCO 2 levels impede our ability to predict future impacts on foodweb dynamics and other ecosystem processes. Here we present new observations, review available data, and identify priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification. We conclude that ocean acidification and the synergistic impacts of other anthropogenic stressors provide great potential for widespread changes to marine ecosystems.

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Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes

Preface. Selected Atomic Weights. Customary Metric Conversion Factors. 1. Water Quality and Aquaculture: Preliminary Considerations. 2. Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds. 3. Water Quality Requirements. 4. Water Use. 5. Liming. 6. Fertilization. 7. Aeration. 8. Water Circulation. 9. Turbidity and Appearance of Water. 10. Aquatic Weed Control. 11. Off-Flavors and Harmful Algae. 12. Pollution. 13. Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatments. 14. Waste Management. 15. Measurement of Water Quality. 16. Sustainability and Environmental Issues. References. Index.

Pond aquaculture water quality management

Variability in the chlorophyll (chl) a-specific absorption coefficients of living phytoplankton aph*(λ) was analyzed using a data set including 815 spectra determined with the wet filter technique in different regions of the world ocean (covering the chlorophyll concentration range 0.02–25 mg m−3). The aph* values were observed to decrease rather regularly from oligotrophic to eutrophic waters, spanning over more than 1 order of magnitude (0.18 to 0.01 m2 mg−1) at the blue absorption maximum. The observed covariation between aph*(λ) and the field chl a concentration (chl) can be explained considering (1) the level or pigment packaging and (2) the contribution of accessory pigments to absorption. Empirical relationships between aph*(λ) and 〈chl〉 were derived by least squares fitting to power functions. These relationships can be used to produce aph* spectra as a function of 〈chl〉. Such a simple parameterization, if confirmed with further data, can be used, e.g., for refining estimates of the carbon fixation rate at global or regional scales, such as those obtained by combining satellite pigment concentration maps with primary production models based on physiological parameters, among which aph* is an important one.

Variability in the chlorophyll‐specific absorption coefficients of natural phytoplankton: Analysis and parameterization

Preface. General notes on analytical techniques. Nutrients. Soluble organic material. Particulate material. Plant pigments. Photosynthesis. Bacteria. Gases in seawater. Counting, media and preservatives. Terms and equivalents.

A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis

Special properties affecting life in the sea. Classifications of marine environments and marine organisms. Basic ecological terms and concepts. The historical development of biological oceanography. Summary of chapter 1. The Abiotic Environment. Solar radiation. Temperature. Salinity. Density. Pressure. Surface currents. Summary of chapter 2. Phytoplankton and Primary Production. Systematic treatment. Photosynthesis and primary production. Radiation and photosynthesis. The effect of nutrients on growth rate. Physical controls of primary production. Global phytoplankton productivity. Summary of chapter 3. Zooplankton. Collection methods. Holoplankton: systematics and biology. Meroplankton. Vertical distribution. Diel vertical migration Seasonal vertical migrations. Zoogeography of the holoplankton. Summary of chapter4. Energy Flow and Mineral Cycling. Foodchains and energy transfer. Food webs. Measuring secondary production. A comparison of marine and terrestrial production. Mineral cycles. Summary of chapter 5. Nekton and Fisheries Oceanography. Nektonic crustacea. Nektonic cephalopods. Marine reptiles. Marine mammals. Seabirds. Marine fish. Fisheries and fisheries oceanography. Mariculture. Summary of chapter 6. Benthos. Benthic plants. Benthic animals. Determinants of community structure. Summary of chapter 7. Benthic Communities. Intertidal environments. Rocky intertidal shores. Kelp forests. Sand beaches. Estuaries. Coral reefs. Manogrove swamps. Deep-sea ecology. Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.

Biological Oceanography: An Introduction

Lucid line drawings and photos, 16 in fine color Based on some 15 years of study and collection in both polar regions and most areas of the tropics and temperate zones Detailed treatment is given on all known pelagic snails (aoubt 140 species) including: external anatomy, swimming and buoyancy mec

Carol M. Lalli

Papers

A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis

Biological Oceanography: An Introduction

Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks

Enclosed Experimental Marine Ecosystems: A Review and Recommendations

8.2 – Artificial Seawater Media