The Social Psychology of Groups. J. W Thibaut & H. H. Kelley. New York: alley, 1959. The team of Thibaut and Kelley goes back to 1946 when, after serving in different units of the armed services psychology program, the authors joined the Research Center for Group Dynamics, first at M.LT and then at the University of Michigan. Their continued association eventuated in appointments as fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 19561957. It is during these years that their collaboration resulted in the publication of The Social Psychology of Groups. The book was designed to "bring order and coherence to present-day research in interpersonal relations and group functioning." To accomplish this aim, the authors introduced, defined, and illustrated basic concepts in an effort to explain the simplest of social phenomena, the two-person relationship. These basic principles and concepts were then employed to illuminate larger problems and more complex social relationships and to examine the significance of such concepts as roles, norm, power, group cohesiveness, and status. The lasting legacy of this book is derived from the fact that the concepts and principles discussed therein serve as a foundation for one of the dominant conceptual frameworks in the field of family studies today-the social exchange framework. Specifically, much of our contemporary thinking about the process of interpersonal attraction and about how individuals evaluate their close relationships has been influenced by the theory and concepts introduced in The Social Psychology of Groups. Today, as a result of Thibaut and Kelley, we think of interpersonal attraction as resulting from the unique valence of driving and restraining forces, rewards and costs, subjectively thought to be available from a specific relationship and its competing alternatives. We understand, as well, that relationships are evaluated through complex and subjectively based comparative processes. As a result, when we think about assessing the degree to which individuals are satisfied with their relationships, we take into consideration the fact that individuals differ in terms of the importance they attribute to different aspects of a relationship (e.g., financial security, sexual fulfillment, companionship). We also take into consideration the fact that individuals differ in terms of the levels of rewards and costs that they believe are realistically obtainable and deserved from a relationship. In addition, as a result of Thibaut and Kelley's theoretical focus on the concept of dependence and the interrelationship between attraction and dependence, there has evolved within the field of family studies a deeper appreciation for the complexities and variability found within relationships. Individuals are dependent on their relationships, according to Thibaut and Kelley, when the outcomes derived from the existing relationship exceed those perceived to be available in competing alternatives. Individuals who are highly dependent on their relationships are less likely to act to end their relationships. This dependence and the stability it engenders may or may not be voluntary, depending on the degree to which individuals are attracted to and satisfied with their relationships. When individuals are both attracted to and dependent on their relationships, they can be thought of as voluntarily participating in their relationship. That is, they are likely to commit themselves to the partner and relationship and actively work for its continuance. Thibaut and Kelley termed those relationships characterized by low levels of satisfaction and high levels of dependence "nonvoluntary relationships. …

The Social Psychology of Groups

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) have contributed to test development and validation in counseling psychology, but additional applications have not been fully realized. The author presents an overview of the goals, terminology, and procedures of factor analysis; reviews best practices for extracting, retaining, and rotating factors in EFA; describes issues related to CFA, including potential hypotheses, how parameters are estimated, and current guidelines regarding sample size and the use of fit indices; and reviews more sophisticated applications of CFA, including multiple-groups analysis and testing of hierarchical models. Finally, the author recommends how to increase the application of factor analysis to counseling psychologists’ work in research, training, and practice settings.

Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research, Training, and Practice Principles, Advances, and Applications

Psychiatrists must occasionally feel some discomfort over the theoretical and therapeutic encroachments of psychologists in recent years. The distress may be increased by this comprehensive but brief presentation of psychopathology as an integrated whole. The author is head of the psychology department at Lehigh University. This book is an excellent guide for the beginner in the field as well as for the intelligent lay reader. It may well have an even greater value in dispelling bias, for when psychotherapists search herein for their own procedures they will find them, but in addition will be exposed to unambiguous information on many other points of view. From the beginning, Dr. Millon makes it clear that he intends to slight no school of thought, nor does he. If he cherishes a secret commitment to any certain model (other than perhaps so-called "field theory") I, for one, could not find it. His criticisms are

Modern Psychopathology: A Biosocial Approach to Maladaptive Learning and Functioning

Methodological barriers have been highlighted as a primary reason for the limited research with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people of color. Thus, strategies for anticipating and addressing potential methodological barriers are needed. To address this need, this article discusses potential challenges associated with conducting research with LGB people of color and describes specific strategies for addressing these challenges. Each step of the research process—from development of research questions to interpretation and dissemination of results—is discussed. This discussion concludes with a summary of recommended strategies for advancing the quality and quantity of future scholarship with LGB people of color.

Conducting Research With LGB People of Color: Methodological Challenges and Strategies

This annual review of the career counseling and development literature presents a content analysis of refereed journal articles published in 2013. Four research questions guided the analysis: (a) What content topics were included in career development articles published in refereed journals in 2013? (b) To what extent are theory, research, and practice integrated in career development articles published in refereed journals in 2013? (c) What variation exists in the characteristics of career development articles published in refereed journals in 2013? and (d) What variation exists in the content included in theory, research, and practice articles? A total of 360 unique topics were identified in 357 articles from 24 journals. Results indicated that topic content in journals evolved slowly with limited integration of theory, research, and practice. Implications are suggested for (a) future topic content; (b) better integration of theory, research, and practice; (c) education and training; (d) journal editorial policy; and (e) future content analyses of journal articles.Keywords: content analysis, career development literature, theory, research, practiceThe Career Development Quarterly (CDQ) has published an annual review of the career counseling and development literature each year since 1989. The number of articles and journals represented in the reviews has grown over time. Each one of those 25 reviews provided a brief summary of the content of articles by topic, as well as a commentary on the nature of the literature published that year (Arbona, 2000; Bikos, Dykhouse, Boutin, Gowen, & Rodney, 2013; Chope, 2008; Cook, 1991; Creager, 2011; Dagley & Salter, 2004; Erford & Crockett, 2012; Flores et ah, 2003; Guindon & Richmond, 2005; Harrington & Harrigan, 2006; Hartung, 2010; Jepsen, 1992; Luzzo & MacGregor, 2001; Niles, 1997; Patton & McIlveen, 2009; Salomone, 1993; Savickas, 1989; Spokane & Hawks, 1990; Stoltz-Loike, 1996; Subich, 1994; Swanson & Parcover, 1998; Tien, 2007; Walsh & Srsic, 1995; Whiston & Brecheisen, 2002; Young & Chen, 1999). In reviewing past CDQ annual reviews, we identified some noteworthy trends. The first trend is that the previous CDQ annual reviews tended to include articles from common journals, including CDQ, Journal of Vocational Behavior (JVB), Journal of Career Assessment (JCA), and Journal of Employment Counseling (JEC). The second trend involved the method for summarizing the literature. Most authors used headings to identify clusters of content in the literature. Finally, some reviews explicitly posed a focus question reflecting the practical purpose of the annual review, such as "How can the research published last year be useful to counselors?" (Erford & Crockett, 2012, p. 291); "What can the reader learn about career counseling and development from these articles?" (Savickas, 1989, p. 127); and "What can the practitioner and researcher learn from the literature to aid their work?" (Jepsen, 1992, p. 99). Our 2013 review builds on previous reviews while also using a content analysis approach to examine the literature. We also include a special emphasis on analyzing the literature in terms of integrating theory, research, and practice.Content Analyses of Journal ArticlesContent analyses of journal articles provide an opportunity for a discipline to periodically evaluate the congruence of the professional literature with the discipline's purpose, interests, and values (Buboltz, Deemer, & Hoffman, 2010; Lee, Rosen, & Bums, 2013). Journal article content analyses also identify trends and changes, which likely affect counseling practice (Loveland, Buboltz, Schwartz, & Gibson, 2006; Williams & Buboltz, 1999). These are the aims of the current review.Content analyses of journal articles take four basic forms. The first involves analyzing the content of multiple journals in career development in a given year, such as those published in CDQ, beginning with Savickas's 1988 review (Savickas, 1989) and continuing through Bikos et al. …

A Content Analysis of Career Development Theory, Research, and Practice—2013

Three major journals in counseling psychology were sampled from 1990 to 1999 to assess the percentage of quantitative, empirical articles that were theory driven. Only 43% of the studies utilized a theory or model, and 57% predicted the relation between the variables, with few studies specifying the strength of the relation. Studies sampled in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (63%) and the Journal of Vocational Behavior (65%) reported a significantly higher percentage of theory-driven research than the Journal of Counseling and Development (43%). A higher proportion of Journal of Counseling Psychology studies compared with Journal of Counseling and Development studies anchored findings to theory. Few studies replicated previous studies. This paucity implies that replication is underutilized by the field as a potentially fruitful way to substantiate empirical knowledge. A binary logistic regression was conducted to examine trends over time. No trends emerged. Suggestions for future implementation of th...

Use of Theory-Driven Research in Counseling Investigating Three Counseling Psychology Journals From 1990 to 1999

From 1990 to 1999 Use of Theory-Driven Research in Counseling: Investigating Three Counseling Psychology Journals

This rejoinder responds to the four reactions in the May 2005 issue of The Counseling Psychologist. Areas of possible confusion are clarified, and relevant examples are highlighted. Of particular interest are examples of the nomological network, which offers an excellent tool for counseling psychologists and others in related disciplines as well as within the broader field of psychology. In addition, the implications of current and future theoretical and empirical investigation of multicultural issues are discussed.

Carolyn A. Karr

Papers

Use of Theory-Driven Research in Counseling Investigating Three Counseling Psychology Journals From 1990 to 1999

From 1990 to 1999 Use of Theory-Driven Research in Counseling: Investigating Three Counseling Psychology Journals

Keeping Theory Revision Front and Center in Counseling Psychology: Moving from Discussion to Action.

Action Keeping Theory Revision Front and Center in Counseling Psychology: Moving From Discussion to