Teenage drivers: patterns of risk.

https://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/AAPSubmission--InjurySeverity.pdf

Driver injury severity: an application of ordered probit models.

ContextInjuries from motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among
teenagers. Carrying passengers has been identified as a possible risk factor
for these crashes.ObjectiveTo determine whether the presence of passengers is associated with an
increased risk of crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers and whether
the risk varies by time of day and age and sex of drivers and passengers.Design and SettingIncidence study of data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System
and General Estimates System (1992-1997), as well as the Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey (1995).SubjectsDrivers aged 16 and 17 years who drove passenger cars, vans, or pickup
trucks.Main Outcome MeasureDriver deaths per 10 million trips by number of passengers, driver age
and sex, and time of day; and driver deaths per 1000 crashes by passenger
age and sex.ResultsCompared with drivers of the same age without passengers, the relative
risk of death per 10 million trips was 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI],
1.24-1.55) for 16-year-old drivers with 1 passenger, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.56-2.20)
for those with 2 passengers, and 2.82 (95% CI, 2.27-3.50) for those with 3
or more passengers. The relative risk of death was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.35-1.62)
for 17-year-old drivers with 1 passenger, 2.58 (95% CI, 2.24-2.95) for those
with 2 passengers, and 3.07 (95% CI, 2.50-3.77) for those with 3 or more passengers.
The risk of death increased significantly for drivers transporting passengers
irrespective of the time of day or sex of the driver, although male drivers
were at greater risk. Driver deaths per 1000 crashes increased for 16- and
17-year-olds transporting male passengers or passengers younger than 30 years.ConclusionOur data indicate that the risk of fatal injury for a 16- or 17-year-old
driver increases with the number of passengers. This result supports inclusion
of restrictions on carrying passengers in graduated licensing systems for
young drivers.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/192524/JOC90737.pdf

Carrying Passengers as a Risk Factor for Crashes Fatal to 16- and 17-Year-Old Drivers

Cognitive load and detection thresholds in car following situations: safety implications for using mobile (cellular) telephones while driving.

The observed effects of teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers.

The situational risks of young drivers: the influence of passengers, time of day and day of week on accident rates

We describe an investigation of the support that three different display configurations provided for a collaborative sensemaking task: a digital table; personal tablets; and both the tabletop and personal tablets. Mixed-methods analyses revealed that the presence of a digital tabletop display led to improved sensemaking performance, and identified activities that were supported by the shared workspace. The digital tabletop supported a group's ability to prioritize information, to make comparisons between task data, and to form and critique the group's working hypothesis. Analyses of group performance revealed a positive correlation with equity of member participation using the shared digital table, and a negative correlation of equity of member participation using personal tablets. Implications for the support of sensemaking groups, and the use of equity of member participation as a predictive measure of their performance are discussed.

Collaborative sensemaking on a digital tabletop and personal tablets: prioritization, comparisons, and tableaux

Various implementations of an interface device, along with associated methods and systems, are described in which the interface device has a housing with a transformable form factor, and a transformation assembly that can change the form factor of the housing. At least one of the form factors of the housing has a shape that corresponds to data associated with the interface device.

Input interface device with transformable form factor

Vehicle/pedestrian conflicts are a primary cause of deaths among children age 5 to 12 in North America. Children under 14 are twice as likely as the general population to be involved in vehicle/pedestrian accidents. Parents may overestimate the cognitive abilities of children to handle complex traffic situations and may assume that pedestrian rules taught to children at a young age will help safeguard them when crossing independently. For this reason, parental guidance on crossing safety was compared to actual practice by children, with and without accompanying parents or baby-sitters. Investigations were conducted in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, a midsize, urban community. Interviews were done of a small sample (30) of well-educated parents in the vicinity of facilities used by children. Their responses were compared with observations of children (208) crossing at signalized and nonsignalized intersections in the same areas. While a high proportion of parents, 87 percent, teach safety practices, and 70 p...

Identifying Gaps in Child Pedestrian Safety: Comparing What Children Do with What Parents Teach

Information load and comprehension of new tourist signs for Ontario highways were evaluated. In a laboratory study involving 288 subjects, drivers searched for target destinations on timed sequences of slides of signs and identified whether their target was present, and, if so, its direction and distance. Performance was assessed in relation to number of names, number of signs in a sequence, arrow shapes, pictograph effectiveness, and sign organization. Signs used a letter height of 19 cm (7.5 in.). Subjects were allowed reading time equivalent to that available to drivers driving at 80 km/h (50 mph), who must time-share sign reading and vehicle control tasks. The results showed that with four or five names per sign, approximately one in eight subjects reported an incorrect direction for their target destination. Thus, a maximum of three names per sign was recommended. Results showed that a 70-degree chevron was as effective as a gerber arrow, that the number of signs in a sequence (two, three, or four) d...

Carolyn MacGregor

Papers

The situational risks of young drivers: the influence of passengers, time of day and day of week on accident rates

Collaborative sensemaking on a digital tabletop and personal tablets: prioritization, comparisons, and tableaux

Input interface device with transformable form factor

Identifying Gaps in Child Pedestrian Safety: Comparing What Children Do with What Parents Teach

Evaluation of Prototype Highway Tourist Signs for Ontario