Showing papers by "Cathy A. Alessi published in 1993"

The Nighttime Environment, Incontinence Care, and Sleep Disruption in Nursing Homes

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the association between noise, light, nursing care practices, and nighttime awakenings in incontinent nursing home residents. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Four long-term care nursing facilities. Participants: One hundred eighteen incontinent nursing home residents. Measurements: Over two nights, bedside monitoring equipment recorded wrist activity, resident bed movements, and environmental noise and light changes in consecutive 2-minute intervals. Changes in sleep and bed movement were compared with changes in noise and light that occurred within the same or proximal 2-minute intervals. Noise and light changes in combination with large resident movement at the hip and shoulder were interpreted as related to incontinence care based on observational measures. Specific outcome measures were: (1) the number of noise and light changes as well as staff care practices that did not wake the resident during periods of consecutive sleep, ie, sleep lasting a minimum of 10 minutes; (2) the number of noise and light changes as well as staff care practices that occurred immediately before or during the 2-minute intervals during which a resident woke from a period of consecutive sleep; and (3) the number of such staff care practices that were related to incontinence care. Results: Noise and light changes associated with both general environmental events and more specific nurse care practices were associated with 50% of all waking episodes of 4 minutes or longer and 35% of all waking episodes of 2 minutes or shorter. The major sources of all noise were traced to nursing staff. Eighty-seven percent of all incontinence care practices were associated with episodes of waking. Conclusion: The data reported in this paper document that general environmental noise and incidents of nursing care practices, particularly those related to incontinence care, are responsible for a substantial amount of the sleep fragmentation that is common among nursing home residents.

Nighttime Sleep and Bed Mobility among Incontinent Nursing Home Residents

Abstract: Objective: To describe sleep and body movement patterns in incontinent nursing home residents for the purpose of determining if the residents require nighttime changing and body repositioning on a 2-hour schedule. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Four nursing homes. Participants: 118 nursing home residents. Measurements: Over two nights, bedside monitoring equipment recorded wrist activity (as a proxy measure for sleep) and body movements of both the shoulder and hip areas in consecutive 2-minute intervals. Specific outcome measures were: (1) Average duration of a sleep episode, peak duration of a sleep episode, and percent of time in bed asleep. (2) The number of 2-minute intervals in which a large movement (45 degree turn) at the shoulder and hip was noted per hour of recording for each resident. (3) The number of resident-initiated, rather than staff-initiated, large movements at the shoulder and hip that occurred within the same 2-minute intervals. Results: There was large variability in all sleep measures; however, on average, residents slept 66% of the time they were in bed. The distribution of these measures suggests that sleep was punctuated with frequent mighttime awakenings. Thirty-three percent of the incontinent residents demonstrated very low levels of resident-initiated movement at the shoulder and hip. Sixty-six percent demonstrated at least one large movement at the shoulder and hip per hour during periods of sleep as well as during periods of wake. Conclusion: The majority of incontinent nursing home residents self-initiate sufficiently frequent movements at both the shoulder and hip so as not to be in need of frequent repositioning by nursing staff. Since the sleep of many of these residents is also characterized by frequent awakenings, incontinent nursing home residents may benefit from a schedule of nursing care at night that considers sleep of equal importance to incontinence care and body repositioning.