Allometric scaling relations, including the 3/4 power law for metabolic rates, are characteristic of all organisms and are here derived from a general model that describes how essential materials are transported through space-filling fractal networks of branching tubes. The model assumes that the energy dissipated is minimized and that the terminal tubes do not vary with body size. It provides a complete analysis of scaling relations for mammalian circulatory systems that are in agreement with data. More generally, the model predicts structural and functional properties of vertebrate cardiovascular and respiratory systems, plant vascular systems, insect tracheal tubes, and other distribution networks.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/276/5309/122.full.pdf

A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology

Diagnosis of Ischemia-Causing Coronary Stenoses by Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve Computed From Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiograms : Results From the Prospective Multicenter DISCOVER-FLOW (Diagnosis of Ischemia-Causing Stenoses Obtained Via Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve) Study

https://www.incor.usp.br/sites/cardiopneumo.259/images/FFRCt.pdf

Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to Cardiac Computed Tomography for Noninvasive Quantification of Fractional Flow Reserve: Scientific Basis

A review of 3D vessel lumen segmentation techniques: models, features and extraction schemes.

The mechanical stresses within and between cells inside an advancing cellular monolayer are mapped experimentally. Cellular migration is found to be oriented in the direction of maximum principal stress indicating that cells collectively migrate to maintain minimal local intercellular shear stress.

/pdf/collective-cell-guidance-by-cooperative-intercellular-forces-1f3oycmxs3.pdf

Collective cell guidance by cooperative intercellular forces.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/12/3/207.full.pdf

The Physiological Principle of Minimum Work: I. The Vascular System and the Cost of Blood Volume.

which embodies Poiseuille's law of flow and a term which covers the cost of maintenance of blood volume, p is the fall in pressure in dynes/cm. ~, b is the cost of blood volume in ergs/cc, sec. (considered constant), vol is the volume, r is the radius of the section of artery, and 71 is the viscosity of whole blood (also taken as \"constant\"). At constant flow, f (that is, for any given steady state), and at constant length of arterial section, l, the total energy, E, is a minimum when:

https://rupress.org/jgp/article-pdf/9/6/835/1399607/835.pdf

Cecil D. Murray

Papers

The Physiological Principle of Minimum Work: I. The Vascular System and the Cost of Blood Volume.

The physiological principle of minimum work applied to the angle of branching of arteries

The Physiological Principle of Minimum Work: II. Oxygen Exchange in Capillaries