3D printing has been hailed as a disruptive technology which will change manufacturing. Used in aerospace, defence, art and design, 3D printing is becoming a subject of great interest in surgery. The technology has a particular resonance with dentistry, and with advances in 3D imaging and modelling technologies such as cone beam computed tomography and intraoral scanning, and with the relatively long history of the use of CAD CAM technologies in dentistry, it will become of increasing importance. Uses of 3D printing include the production of drill guides for dental implants, the production of physical models for prosthodontics, orthodontics and surgery, the manufacture of dental, craniomaxillofacial and orthopaedic implants, and the fabrication of copings and frameworks for implant and dental restorations. This paper reviews the types of 3D printing technologies available and their various applications in dentistry and in maxillofacial surgery.

3D printing in dentistry.

Natural bicyclic sesquiterpenes, β‐caryophyllene (BCP) and β‐caryophyllene oxide (BCPO), are present in a large number of plants worldwide. Both BCP and BCPO (BCP(O)) possess significant anticancer activities, affecting growth and proliferation of numerous cancer cells. Nevertheless, their antineoplastic effects have hardly been investigated in vivo. In addition, both compounds potentiate the classical drug efficacy by augmenting their concentrations inside the cells. The mechanisms underlying the anticancer activities of these sesquiterpenes are poorly described. BCP is a phytocannabinoid with strong affinity to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB 2), but not cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB 1). In opposite, BCP oxidation derivative, BCPO, does not exhibit CB 1/2 binding, thus the mechanism of its action is not related to endocannabinoid system (ECS) machinery. It is known that BCPO alters several key pathways for cancer development, such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and STAT3 pathways. In addition, treatment with this compound reduces the expression of procancer genes/proteins, while increases the levels of those with proapoptotic properties. The selective activation of CB 2 may be considered a novel strategy in pain treatment, devoid of psychoactive side effects associated with CB 1 stimulation. Thus, BCP as selective CB 2 activator may be taken into account as potential natural analgesic drug. Moreover, due to the fact that chronic pain is often an element of cancer disease, the double activity of BCP, anticancer and analgesic, as well as its beneficial influence on the efficacy of classical chemotherapeutics, is particularly valuable in oncology. This review is focused on anticancer and analgesic activities of BCP and BCPO, the mechanisms of their actions, and potential therapeutic utility.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cam4.816

β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) produces undistorted three-dimensional information of the maxillofacial skeleton, including the teeth and their surrounding tissues with a lower effective radiation dose than computed tomography. The aim of this paper is to: (i) review the current literature on the applications and limitations of CBCT; (ii) make recommendations for the use of CBCT in Endodontics; (iii) highlight areas of further research of CBCT in Endodontics.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/iej.12270

Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics - a review

Mucositis is a common complication of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted agents. It often affects compliance to anticancer therapies as it frequently causes schedule delays, interruptions or discontinuations of treatment. Moreover, the economic impact related to the management of mucositis is topical and several estimations of additional hospital costs due to this clinical condition have been recently reported. The ability to determine risk factors for mucositis, to early detect its onset, to assess correctly the degree of this toxicity and to plan its multidisciplinary management are all key elements to guarantee the quality of life of patients and to avoid useless dose reduction or interruption of treatment. The pathogenesis of mucositis is multifactorial and it is classily subdivided into oral and gastrointestinal mucositis according to its anatomic presentation. Treatment and patients’ related factors might help in predicting the frequency and the potential degree of symptoms onset. Here we discuss about clinical presentation and pathogenesis of mucositis in relation to different kinds of treatments. Moreover, we focus on therapeutic and prevention strategies, describing past and present management according to international guidelines and the most promising new data about agents potentially able to further improve the treatment of mucositis in the next future.

/pdf/new-frontiers-in-the-pathobiology-and-treatment-of-cancer-3iemckzmqj.pdf

New Frontiers in the Pathobiology and Treatment of Cancer Regimen-Related Mucosal Injury.

The importance of cone-beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems: a review of the literature.

Oral mucositis is a condition that is characterized by ulcerative lesions in the mucosa of patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Oral mucositis is currently considered to be the most severe complication of anticancer therapy, affecting 40-80% of patients undergoing chemotherapy and almost all those undergoing radiotherapy of the head and neck. Although they do not prevent lesions from appearing, drugs for the treatment of oral mucositis are required to minimize its clinical aggressiveness and improve the nutritional status, hydration and quality of life of the affected patients. Furthermore, the prevention and control of oral ulcers is crucial for cancer prognosis, since the establishment of severe lesions may lead to temporary or permanent treatment discontinuation and compromise cancer control. The objective of this study was to present a review on this condition, its causes and its treatment to professional clinical dentists, in order to help minimize patient suffering. A search was conducted through PubMed, Lilacs and MedLine, to retrieve related articles published between 1994 and 2013.

/pdf/oral-mucositis-in-cancer-treatment-natural-history-50aa27i4jk.pdf

Oral mucositis in cancer treatment: Natural history, prevention and treatment (Review)

AIM:

To compare cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with periapical radiography for the identification of simulated endodontic complications.
METHODOLOGY:

Sixteen human teeth, in three mandibles, were submitted to the following simulated endodontic complications: G1) fractured endodontic file; G2) root perforation; G3) cast post with deviation; G4) external root resorption. Periapical radiographs were taken of each tooth at three different angles, and CBCT scan was taken. One calibrated examiner who was specialized in dental radiology interpreted the images. The results were analysed using the following scoring system: 0 - unidentified alteration; 1 - alteration identified with inaccurate diagnosis; and 2 - alteration identified with accurate diagnosis. Data were analysed using McNemar and Wilcoxon tests (alfa=0.05).
RESULTS:

In the overall assessment, CBCT was superior when compared with periapical radiographs (P<0.05). When individual results on each complication were evaluated, CBCT was superior only in the identification of external root resorption (100% Score 2) (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION:

Cone-beam computed tomography could be an alternative to periapical radiographs especially in the detection and assessment of external root resorption.

© 2010 International Endodontic Journal.

A comparative study between cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiographs in the diagnosis of simulated endodontic complications.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/128019/1/Letter%20to%20the%20editor_acc.pdf

Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics.

Detection of Vertical Root Fractures in the Presence of Intracanal Metallic Post: A Comparison between Periapical Radiography and Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Diagnosis of Mesiodistal Vertical Root Fractures in Teeth with Metal Posts: Influence of Applying Filters in Cone-beam Computed Tomography Images at Different Resolutions

Celso Neiva Campos

Papers

Oral mucositis in cancer treatment: Natural history, prevention and treatment (Review)

A comparative study between cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiographs in the diagnosis of simulated endodontic complications.

Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics.

Detection of Vertical Root Fractures in the Presence of Intracanal Metallic Post: A Comparison between Periapical Radiography and Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Diagnosis of Mesiodistal Vertical Root Fractures in Teeth with Metal Posts: Influence of Applying Filters in Cone-beam Computed Tomography Images at Different Resolutions