Malnutrition prevalence in lasa xizang children and adolescents.

The difference in growth and nutritional status, both important indices of population quality, between Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents is unknown. This study aimed to compare growth a...

Comparison of growth and nutritional status of Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents.

Background: a few studies have
been conducted which describe health status of Migrant Peasant Worker’s
children. However, there are no studies which compare physiques of MPW’s
children with those of rural children and urban children. Also, few studies have
been done on physiques of MPW’s children as it relates to socioeconomic factors
in China. Methods: We examined
across-sectional study of 2457 children from Shanghai and Wuhu city in 2011. First,
we compared the differences of physiques among three groups by ANOVA. Second,
ANCOVA were applied to analyze the associations between the physiques and
socioeconomic factors by taking physiques as dependent variables. The
independent variables included socioeconomic factors such as the parental
occupation, the parental education and family monthly income. Third, ANCOVA
were used to assess differences in physiques among the three groups by
adjusting socioeconomic factors. Results: There were significant differences in all physical indexes, no matter they were
boys and girls (P < .001). Children’s
physiques of MPW were smaller than those of children of Citizen
in Shanghai City. Among all ages, regardless of gender, Children’s
physiques of MPW were bigger than those of children of rural resident. In both boys and girls all indexes displayed
statistically significant associations with parental occupations (P < .001).
There were strong associations between parental education and all physical
indexes (P < .001). Family
monthly income was found to be significantly associated with children’s
physiques (P < .001). In both boys
and girls, there were strong associations between physique and group in all
indexes (P < .001), but physiques
hardly had any associations with
socioeconomic factors. Conclusions: We find that physiques of MPW’s
children were smaller than those of children of citizen
in Shanghai City, and physiques of MPW’s children were
bigger than those of children of rural resident. There
are strong associations between physiques and socioeconomic factors.

/pdf/physiques-in-migrant-peasant-worker-s-children-by-comparison-4yr4w8zo8d.pdf

Physiques in Migrant Peasant Worker's Children by Comparison with Rural and Urban Children in Shanghai, China

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification process that alters the RNA sequence relative to the genomic blueprint. In plant organelles (namely, mitochondria and chloroplasts), the most common type is C-to-U, and the absence of C-to-U RNA editing results in abnormal plant development, such as etiolation and albino leaves, aborted embryonic development and retarded seedling growth. Here, through PREP, RES-Scanner, PCR and RT-PCR analyses, 38 and 139 RNA editing sites were identified from the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Camellia sinensis, respectively. Analysis of the base preference around the RNA editing sites showed that in the −1 position of the edited C had more frequent occurrences of T whereas rare occurrences of G. Three conserved motifs were identified at 25 bases upstream of the RNA editing site. Structural analyses indicated that the RNA secondary structure of 32 genes, protein secondary structure of 37 genes and the three-dimensional structure of 5 proteins were altered due to RNA editing. The editing level analysis of matK and ndhD in six tea cultivars indicated that matK-701 might be involved in the color change of tea leaves. Furthermore, 218 PLS-CsPPR proteins were predicted to interact with the identified RNA editing sites. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive insight into RNA editing events, which will facilitate further study of the RNA editing phenomenon of the tea plant.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13640/pdf?version=1667874242

Exploring the RNA Editing Events and Their Potential Regulatory Roles in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L.)

Although whole genome sequencing, genetic variation mapping, and pan-genome studies have been done on a large group of cucumber nuclear genomes, organelle genome information is largely unclear. As an important component of the organelle genome, the chloroplast genome is highly conserved, which makes it a useful tool for studying plant phylogeny, crop domestication, and species adaptation. Here, we have constructed the first cucumber chloroplast pan-genome based on 121 cucumber germplasms, and investigated the genetic variations of the cucumber chloroplast genome through comparative genomic, phylogenetic, haplotype, and population genetic structure analysis. Meanwhile, we explored the changes in expression of cucumber chloroplast genes under high- and low-temperature stimulation via transcriptome analysis. As a result, a total of 50 complete chloroplast genomes were successfully assembled from 121 cucumber resequencing data, ranging in size from 156,616–157,641 bp. The 50 cucumber chloroplast genomes have typical quadripartite structures, consisting of a large single copy (LSC, 86,339–86,883 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 18,069–18,363 bp), and two inverted repeats (IRs, 25,166–25,797 bp). Comparative genomic, haplotype, and population genetic structure results showed that there is more genetic variation in Indian ecotype cucumbers compared to other cucumber cultivars, which means that many genetic resources remain to be explored in Indian ecotype cucumbers. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 50 cucumber germplasms could be classified into 3 types: East Asian, Eurasian + Indian, and Xishuangbanna + Indian. The transcriptomic analysis showed that matK were significantly up-regulated under high- and low-temperature stresses, further demonstrating that cucumber chloroplasts respond to temperature adversity by regulating lipid metabolism and ribosome metabolism. Further, accD has higher editing efficiency under high-temperature stress, which may contribute to the heat tolerance. These studies provide useful insight into genetic variation in the chloroplast genome, and established the foundation for exploring the mechanisms of temperature-stimulated chloroplast adaptation.

/pdf/chloroplast-pan-genomes-and-comparative-transcriptomics-1i7rio0q.pdf

Chloroplast Pan-Genomes and Comparative Transcriptomics Reveal Genetic Variation and Temperature Adaptation in the Cucumber

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to define and clarify the causes of differences in physique between urban students and rural students in China

/pdf/associations-of-physique-with-the-socioeconomic-factors-of-54uiere59i.pdf

Associations of Physique with the Socioeconomic Factors of Family and Regional Origin in Chinese University Students

It has been reported that Arabidopsis chloroplast accD transcripts undergo RNA editing and that loss of accD-C794 RNA editing does not affect plant growth under normal conditions. To date, the exact biological role of accD-C794 editing has remained elusive. Here, we reveal an unexpected role for accD-C794 editing in response to heat stress. Loss of accD-C794 editing results in a yellow and dwarf phenotype with decreased chloroplast gene expression under heat stress, and artificial improvement of C794-edited accD gene expression enhances heat tolerance in Arabidopsis. These data suggest that accD-C794 editing confers heat tolerance in planta. We also found that treatment with the product of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) could allay mutant phenotypic characteristics and showed that a mutation in the CAC3 gene for the α-subunit of ACCase was associated with dwarfism under heat stress. These observations indicate that defective accD-C794 editing may be intrinsic to reduced ACCase activity, thereby contributing to heat sensitivity. ACCase catalyzes the committed step of de novo fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. FA content analysis revealed that unsaturated oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acids (C18:2) were low in the accD-C794 editing-defective mutant but high in the C794-edited accD-overexpressing plants compared with the wild type. Supplying exogenous C18:1 and C18:2 could rescue the mutant phenotype, suggesting that these FAs play an essential role in tolerance to heat stress. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that heat stress seriously affected the membrane architecture in accD editing-defective mutants but not in accD-overexpressing plants. These results provide the first evidence that accD-C794 editing regulates FA biosynthesis for maintenance of membrane structural homeostasis under heat stress. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100461

The PPR protein RARE1-mediated editing of chloroplast accD transcripts is required for fatty acid biosynthesis and heat tolerance in Arabidopsis

The DYW domain of RARE1 plays an indispensable role in regulating accD-C794 RNA editing in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Auxin is a well-known important phytohormone in plant that plays vital roles in almost every development process throughout plant lifecycle. However, the effect of auxin on the metabolism of chlorophyll, one of the most important pigments involved in the photosynthesis, was intertwined and the underlying mechanism remained to be explored. Here, we found the auxin-defective yuc2 yuc6 double mutant displayed dark-green leaf color with higher chlorophyll content than wildtype, suggesting a negative regulatory role of auxin in chlorophyll biosynthesis. The chloroplast number and structure in mesophyll cells were altered and the photosynthetic efficiency was improved in yuc2 yuc6. In addition, the chlorophyll level was significantly improved during seedling de-etiolation in yuc2 yuc6 mutant, and decreased dramatically under IAA treatment, confirming the inhibitory role of auxin in chlorophyll biosynthesis. The analyses of gene expression in mature leaves and de-etiolation seedlings suggested that auxin suppressed the expression of many chlorophyll biosynthesis genes, especially PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE A (PORA) and GENOMES UNCOUPLED 5 (GUN5). Yeast-one-hybrid and luciferase assays demonstrated that the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 (ARF2) and ARF7 bind to the promoter of PORA and GUN5 to suppress their expression with the help of INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID14 (IAA14). Collectively, our research explicitly unraveled the direct inhibitory role of auxin in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and provided new insight into the interplay between auxin signaling and chlorophyll metabolism.

/pdf/auxin-inhibits-chlorophyll-accumulation-through-arf7-iaa14-ncewqtl7.pdf

Chao Qun Huang

Papers

Associations of Physique with the Socioeconomic Factors of Family and Regional Origin in Chinese University Students

The PPR protein RARE1-mediated editing of chloroplast accD transcripts is required for fatty acid biosynthesis and heat tolerance in Arabidopsis

The DYW domain of RARE1 plays an indispensable role in regulating accD-C794 RNA editing in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Auxin inhibits chlorophyll accumulation through ARF7-IAA14-mediated repression of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis