Advances in multiple-valued logic (MVL) have been inspired, in large part, by advances in integrated circuit technology Multiple-valued logic has matured to the point where four-valued logic is now part of commercially available VLSI IC's Besides reduction in chip area, MVL offers other benefits such as the potential for circuit test This paper describes the historical and technical background of MVL, and areas of present and future application It is intended, as well, to serve as a tutorial for the nonspecialist

The Prospects for Multivalued Logic: A Technology and Applications View

Cloud can be defined as a new computing paradigm that provides scalable, on-demand, and virtualized resources for users. In this style of computing, users can access a shared pool of computing resources which are provisioned with minimal management efforts of users. Yet there are some obstacles and concerns about the use of clouds. Guaranteeing quality of service U+0028 QoS U+0029 by service providers can be regarded as one of the main concerns for companies tending to use it. Service provisioning in clouds is based on service level agreements representing a contract negotiated between users and providers. According to this contract, if a provider cannot satisfy its agreed application requirements, it should pay penalties as compensation. In this paper, we intend to carry out a comprehensive survey on the models proposed in literature with respect to the implementation principles to address the QoS guarantee issue.

Toward cloud computing QoS architecture: analysis of cloud systems and cloud services

In the modern world of constant connectivity, it is difficult to detach students from technology. Today, we walk into classrooms that are filled with computers and Ethernet plugs. Students are carrying laptops, smartphones, and other devices into classrooms for their learning needs. Although technology in classroom has its benefits, many students constantly succumb to its use during class for non-class related purposes, thereby impacting their learning. This study draws upon the augmented version of the theory of planned behavior, social learning theory and the pedagogical literature to investigate the factors influencing students' attitudes and intentions to use technology during class for non-class related purposes. The hypothesized model was validated by conducting a survey to collect the data and using partial least squares for analysis. The results demonstrate that students' attitudes are influenced by student consumerism, escapism, lack of attention, cyber-slacking anxiety, and distraction by others' cyber-slacking behavior. Further, lack of attention is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, class engagement, and apathy towards course material. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. We investigate the factors influencing students' intentions to cyber-slack in class.We used a survey to collect 267 usable responses and PLS to analyze the data.Attitude, SN, DN, and PBC influence students' intentions to cyber-slack.Consumerism, lack of attention, and other beliefs shape cyber-slacking attitude.Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations influence students' lack of attention in class.

Cyber-slacking in the classroom

Taking advantage of the continuously improving, web-based learning systems plays an important role for self-learning, especially in the case of working people. Nevertheless, learning systems do not generally adapt to learners' profiles. Learners have to spend a lot of time before reaching the learning goal that is compatible with their knowledge background. To overcome such difficulties, an e-learning schema is introduced that adapts to the learners' ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) knowledge level. The IEEE Reference Model (WG 1) defined by the Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSA) is extended and used for this purpose. The proposed approach is based on the usage of electronic questionnaires (e-questionnaires) designed by a group of experts. Through the automatic analysis of the learners' responses to the questionnaires, all learners are assigned to different learner profiles. According to these profiles they are served with learning material that best matches their educational needs. We have implemented our approach in five European countries and the overall case study illustrates very promising results.

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An intelligent e-learning system based on learner profiling and learning resources adaptation

This large-scale study used the extended technology acceptance model to examine the different factors influencing Chinese university students’ intentions to use the Internet-based technology with a learning focus. Specifically, the subject norm was conceptualised as a three-dimensional construct consisting of teacher influence, peer influence and institutional support. The data were collected from 4561 university students from 16 universities in China. The results indicated that 64% of the variance in Chinese university students’ behavioural intentions were explained by their perceptions of ease of use and that the subjective norm significantly influenced their perceptions of the usefulness of the Internet-based technology with a learning focus. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and the subjective norm significantly influenced students’ attitudes towards using the Internet-based technology with a learning focus. In addition, Chinese university students’ intentions to use the Internet-based technology with a learning focus were significantly influenced by attitude, perceived usefulness and the subjective norm. This study identified both theoretical and practical explanations for these relationships.

Chinese students’ intentions to use the Internet-based technology for learning

As military, academic, and commercial computing systems evolve from autonomous entities that deliver computing products into network centric enterprise systems that deliver computing as a service, opportunities emerge to consolidate computing resources, software, and information through cloud computing. Along with these opportunities come challenges, particularly to service providers and operations centers that struggle to monitor and manage quality of service (QoS) for these services in order to meet customer service commitments. Traditional approaches fall short in addressing these challenges because they examine QoS from a limited perspective rather than from a system-of-systems (SoS) perspective applicable to a net-centric enterprise system in which any user from any location can share computing resources at any time. This paper presents a SoS approach to enable QoS monitoring, management, and response for enterprise systems that deliver computing as a service through a cloud computing environment. A concrete example is provided for application of this new SoS approach to a real-world scenario (viz., distributed denial of service). Simulated results confirm the efficacy of the approach.

System of Systems for Quality-of-Service Observation and Response in Cloud Computing Environments

The increasing frequency, rising costs, and growing sophistication of cyber attacks on DoD, agency and commercial enterprise systems are dramatically reducing the quality of end-user services and compromising mission effectiveness Of those attacks, one of the more severe is Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) through which an attacker can disrupt, and possibly shutdown, local network enclaves and global net-centric enterprise systems Previous attempts to overcome this threat include intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS), firewalls, and packet scanning software However, none of these approaches individually achieves prevention or provides sufficient countermeasures to overcome and resolve DDoS threats This paper presents a detailed procedure for identifying both the on-set of DDoS attacks and corresponding countermeasures to prevent or limit their effects This procedure applies a hybrid approach that adapts to changing DDoS attack scenarios Concrete examples provided for each step of the procedure identify the key tools to proactively prevent or respond to DDoS events Simulated results demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure for a representative DDoS attack scenario

Procedure for detection of and response to Distributed Denial of Service cyber attacks on complex enterprise systems

As military, academic, and commercial computing systems evolve from autonomous entities that deliver computing products into network centric enterprise systems that deliver computing as a service, opportunities emerge to consolidate computing resources, software and information through cloud computing. Along with these opportunities come challenges, especially to service providers and operations centers that struggle to monitor and manage Quality of Service (QoS) for these services in order to meet customer service commitments. Traditional approaches fall short in addressing these challenges because they examine QoS from a limited perspective rather than from a System of Systems (SoS) perspective applicable to a net-centric enterprise system in which any user from any location can share computing resources at any time. This paper presents a SoS approach to provide QoS monitoring, management, and response for enterprise systems that delivers computing as a service through a cloud computing environment. Concrete examples are provided that identify the key components of this SoS and their application to real-world scenarios. Simulated results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for a representative scenario.

System of Systems to provide Quality of Service monitoring, management and response in cloud computing environments

Disparate customer support centers in an enterprise system apply different monitoring and analysis tools while attempting to ensure quality of service for the end-user. These tools provide inconsistent metrics that make problem resolution inefficient and reactive rather than proactive and effective. A systems engineering approach is proposed that considers enterprise monitoring and analysis in high-speed enterprise communications systems done by support centers via collaboration rather than in isolation. This paper presents graphical representations of various aspects of the monitoring and analysis approach that include architectural, operational, systems-level, and technical views. For each of these views we identify the applicable system components and the integration of these components that enable solution of system-wide problems.

Systems engineering approach for event monitoring and analysis in high speed enterprise communications systems

While various integrated circuit technologies have been proposed for multiple-valued logic, it appears that for the near future current-mode integrated injection logic (I2L) will predominate. The present paper suggests I2L circuits for the various gate types and design approaches that have been proposed, including some memory elements, and discusses some of the problems of using I2L multiple-valued logic chips in practical designs.

Charles B. Silio

Papers

System of Systems for Quality-of-Service Observation and Response in Cloud Computing Environments

Procedure for detection of and response to Distributed Denial of Service cyber attacks on complex enterprise systems

System of Systems to provide Quality of Service monitoring, management and response in cloud computing environments

Systems engineering approach for event monitoring and analysis in high speed enterprise communications systems

Some I2L circuits for multiple-valued logic