Nutrient requirements of poultry

(Macro)autophagy is a bulk degradation process that mediates the clearance of long-lived proteins and organelles. Autophagy is initiated by double-membraned structures, which engulf portions of cytoplasm. The resulting autophagosomes ultimately fuse with lysosomes, where their contents are degraded. Although the term autophagy was first used in 1963, the field has witnessed dramatic growth in the last 5 years, partly as a consequence of the discovery of key components of its cellular machinery. In this review we focus on mammalian autophagy, and we give an overview of the understanding of its machinery and the signaling cascades that regulate it. As recent studies have also shown that autophagy is critical in a range of normal human physiological processes, and defective autophagy is associated with diverse diseases, including neurodegeneration, lysosomal storage diseases, cancers, and Crohn's disease, we discuss the roles of autophagy in health and disease, while trying to critically evaluate if the coincidence between autophagy and these conditions is causal or an epiphenomenon. Finally, we consider the possibility of autophagy upregulation as a therapeutic approach for various conditions.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00030.2009

Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy in Physiology and Pathophysiology

Background The aortic root enlarges progressively in Marfan's syndrome, and this enlargement is associated with aortic regurgitation and dissection. Long-term treatment with β-adrenergic blockade, by reducing the impulse (i.e., the rate of pressure change in the aortic root) of left ventricular ejection and the heart rate, may protect the aortic root. Methods We conducted an open-label, randomized trial of propranolol in adolescent and adult patients with classic Marfan's syndrome (32 treated and 38 untreated [control] patients). Aortic-root dimensions and clinical end points (aortic regurgitation, aortic dissection, cardiovascular surgery, congestive heart failure, and death) were monitored for an average of 9.3 years in the control group and 10.7 years in the treatment group. All 70 patients were included in the analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle. Results The dose of propranolol was individualized; the mean (±SE) dose was 212 ±68 mg per day. The mean slope of the regression line for ...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199405123301902

Progression of aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta-adrenergic blockade in Marfan's syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the knowledge of phytic acid had its beginning in the discovery by Hartig, who isolated small particles or grains (which were not starch grains) from the seeds of various plants. Phytic acid has been generally regarded as the primary storage form of both phosphate and inositol in almost all seeds. The amount of phytic acid varies from 0.50% to 1.89% in cereals (except polished rice), from 0.40% to 2.06% in legumes, from 2.00% to 5.20% in oil seeds except soybeans and peanuts (grouped under legumes), and from 0.40% to 7.50% in protein products. Many foods and seeds contain myo-inositol hexaphosphate as an important source of phosphorus, and accurate methods for its determination are needed. Phytase (meso-inositol hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.8) is widely distributed in plants, animals, and fungi. In mature cereal grains, legumes, and oil seeds, the major portion of the total phosphorus is present in the form of phytic acid (phytate). Experiments with animals have suggested that phytic acid in plant foods complexes with dietary essential minerals such as calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium and makes them biologically unavailable for absorption. The correlation of phytate with the cooking quality of peas was first suggested by Mattson. Phytic acid, myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis dihydrogen phosphate serves as the main phosphorus store in mature seeds and grains. In cereals and legumes, phytic acid content ranges from 0.14% to 2.05%, which accounts for 18 to 88% of the total phosphorus.

Phytates in Legumes and Cereals

THE Marfan syndrome is classified as a heritable disorder of connective tissue because clinical and pathological alterations involve supporting elements. It long has been assumed that an inborn err...

The Marfan Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management

Hematologic manifestations and the ultrastructure of a platelet-specific microorganism isolated from a dog in Florida were studied. The agent was readily transmitted experimentally to adult dogs by intravenous inoculation with infected blood. Parasitemias and concomitant thrombocytopenias were cyclic in that both recurred within relatively constant periods of one to two weeks following experimental infections. Hemorrhage was not a manifestation of the disease even though thrombocytopenias were severe. Microorganisms were visualized by light and electron microscopy. They were observed only in platelets and were composed of single or multiple subunits (morula forms). The microorganisms were ultrastructurally very similar to those reported in Ehrlichia canis infections of dogs and Anaplasma marginale infections of cattle. Microorganisms were surrounded by single membranes which more or less conformed to the external surfaces of subunits that were surrounded by double membranes. From electron microscopic studies, it is suggested that these organisms be classified in the order Rickettsiales.

Cyclic Thrombocytopenia Induced by a Rickettsia-Like Agent in Dogs

Erythroblast denucleation in the peripheral blood was studied by electron microscopy. Blood was used from dogs anemic either by infection with Babesia canis or from injections of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. One of the earliest stages of denucleation was the migration of nuclei to the plasmalemma. Mitochondria and coalesced vesicles, derived from the cell membrane of the erythroblast, congregated at the underside of the nuclear envelope unapposed by erythroblastic cell membrane. The coalesced vesicles apparently provided the limiting membrane which surrounded the deep circumference of the extruded nucleus and its associated hemoglobin rim, and also furnished a new plasma membrane for the cell in the area where the nucleus, in denucleation, had utilized the original erythroblastic plasmalemma.

/pdf/the-mechanism-of-denucleation-in-circulating-erythroblasts-4q0ru10dz2.pdf

The mechanism of denucleation in circulating erythroblasts

Effect of Wet Litter and Supplemental Biotin and/or Whey on the Production of Foot Pad Dermatitis in Broilers

Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from lakes and streams in Northcentral Florida. This emerging enteric bacterial pathogen also was isolated from alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and brown pelicans (Pelecannus occidentalis carolinensis) on several occasions, and from other species including the ring-billed gull (Larus delewarensis), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), common loon (Gavia immer), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Hemorrhagic enteritis was found in association with E. tarda in some of the species presented.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Wildlife-Diseases/volume-9/issue-3/0090-3558-9.3.204/ISOLATION-OF-Edwardsiella-tarda-FROM-AQUATIC-ANIMAL-SPECIES-AND-SURFACE/10.7589/0090-3558-9.3.204.pdf

Charles F. Simpson

Papers

Cyclic Thrombocytopenia Induced by a Rickettsia-Like Agent in Dogs

The mechanism of denucleation in circulating erythroblasts

Effect of Wet Litter and Supplemental Biotin and/or Whey on the Production of Foot Pad Dermatitis in Broilers

ISOLATION OF Edwardsiella tarda FROM AQUATIC ANIMAL SPECIES AND SURFACE WATERS IN FLORIDA

Modulation by propranolol of the lysyl cross-links in aortic elastin and collagen of the aneurysm-prone turkey