Study objective: To propose a definition of health equity to guide operationalisation and measurement, and to discuss the practical importance of clarity in defining this concept. Design: Conceptual discussion. Setting, Patients/Participants, and Main results: not applicable. Conclusions: For the purposes of measurement and operationalisation, equity in health is the absence of systematic disparities in health (or in the major social determinants of health) between groups with different levels of underlying social advantage/disadvantage that is, wealth, power, or prestige. Inequities in health systematically put groups of people who are already socially disadvantaged (for example, by virtue of being poor, female, and/or members of a disenfranchised racial, ethnic, or religious group) at further disadvantage with respect to their health; health is essential to wellbeing and to overcoming other effects of social disadvantage. Equity is an ethical principle; it also is consonant with and closely related to human rights principles. The proposed definition of equity supports operationalisation of the right to the highest attainable standard of health as indicated by the health status of the most socially advantaged group. Assessing health equity requires comparing health and its social determinants between more and less advantaged social groups. These comparisons are essential to assess whether national and international policies are leading toward or away from greater social justice in health.

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/57/4/254.full.pdf

Defining equity in health

This is really going to save you time and your money in something should think about. If you're seeking then search around for online. Without a doubt there are several these available and a lot of them have the freedom. However no doubt you receive what you spend on. An alternate way to get ideas would be to check another nothing about us without us disability oppression and empowerment. Seeking certified reading sources? We have nothing about us without us disability oppression and empowerment to read, not just review, however likewise download them or perhaps check out online. Find this great book writtern by now, simply below, yeah just below. Get the data in the kinds of txt, zip, kindle, word, ppt, pdf, and also rar. Once again, never ever miss out on to check out online and download this publication in our site below. Click the web link.

Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment

The Guttmacher Institute gratefully acknowledges the general support it receives from individuals and founda-tions—including major grants from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the David and Lucille Packard Foundation, the Ford Foundation and others—which undergirds all of the Institute's work.

/pdf/abortion-worldwide-a-decade-of-uneven-progress-1gy2k5h8tb.pdf

Abortion Worldwide: A Decade of Uneven Progress

A human rights approach to health is critical to address growing global health inequalities. Three aspects of the nature of health as a right are relevant to shaping a human rights approach to health: (1) the indivisibility of civil and political rights, and socio-economic rights; (2) active agency by those vulnerable to human rights violations; and (3) the powerful normative role of human rights in establishing accountabiliy for protections and freedoms. Health professionals' practice, tpically governed by ethical codes, may benefit from human rights guidelines, particularly in situations of dual loyalty where clients' or communities' human rights are threatened Moreover, institutional accountability for protecting human rights is essential to avoid shifting responsibility solely onto the health professional Human rights approaches can include holding states and other parties accountable, developing policies and programs consistent with human rights, and facilitating redress for victims of violations of the right to health. However, underlying all models is the need to enable active social mobilization, without which legal approaches to rights lack sustainability and power. Evidence from South and Southern Africa has shown that different conceptions of what is meant by human rights impact substantially on state willingness and abiliy to meet constitutional obligations with regard to the right to health. New approaches to health polity development, which draw on the agency of vulnerable groups, link local struggles with their global context, and explicitly incorporate rights frameworks into public health planning are needed. Models that move away from individualizing conflict over rights between health professionals as disempowered duty bearers and patients as frustrated rights holders, toward more mutual approaches to shared rights objectives may be possible and are being actively pursued through the development of a learning network to realize the right to health in South Africa.

What is a human-rights based approach to health and does it matter?

A unified approach to development is recommended: one in which the social economic and political components are accounted for within a multidimensional process of reorganization and reorientation of structures and attitudes customs and beliefs. During the 1970s development was construed as improvement in employment within a growing economy and elimination of poverty and inequality--a redistribution of growth. Development should increase and widen the distribution of basic life sustaining goods increase levels of living and expand economic and social choices and free people from dependence on other people and servitude to ignorance and poverty. Six basic issues linking population growth and development were identified; the interrelationships between economic social and demographic variables were explained. The aims of educational development and educational progress as affected by urbanization were discussed. It is inappropriate to isolate economic social and demographic concerns as separate entities and as separate from the development process. The population problem of rapid population growth is intertwined with the problem of unmet human needs; problematic are illiteracy extreme deprivation insufficient income to purchase essential health services and basic nutrition and inadequate diets. Improvements have not kept pace with needs. The theories of Malthus are no longer germane and demographic transition theory is not as effective in achieving or explaining the reduction of birth rates. An approach which attacks poverty and low quality of life would be directed to core motivations. The hidden momentum of population growth and the impact of literacy and age and sex composition are discussed as features of improvement in quality of life and of fertility reduction. Economic and social development are dependent on human resources not on capital or material resources. The institutional mechanism for developing human potential is the educational system. Even though enrollments have increased over the past 30 years employment opportunities and standard of living have not changed markedly. India was given as an example of the dynamics of facilities management. Education also impacts on fertility and is affected by the distribution of the population.

Population and development.

Inscribing Abortion as a Human Right: Significance of the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa

A right of access to health care services is among the economic and social rights guaranteed by the Constitution of South Africa. Given the jurisprudential novelty of such a right and its dependence on economic resources, however, its realization is likely to be difficult to secure. The article discusses the scope and limitations of the right of access to health care in South Africa. Though the country's courts have yet to develop clear principles for interpreting a right of access to health care services, the more significant obstacles to the full enjoyment of this right are the country's pervasive poverty, gross income disparities, and extremely high burden of disease.

The recognition of access to health care as a human right in South Africa: is it enough?

The Choice on Termination o f Pregnancy Act o f 1996substantially liberalised abortion law. Whilst a substantial number of terminations of pregnancies (TOPs) have already been performed in terms of the new Act, it has also surfaced that an array of factors of various kinds may impede its further implementation and operation. A study was undertaken to determine the nature and extent of any such impediments to the implementation of the Choice on Termination o f Pregnancy Act. More specifically a survey was conducted amongst a sample of 75 women who had undergone a TOP since the implementation of the Act; health professionals and social workers who provide TOP services (n=16); and health professionals and social workers who are in a position to refer women to TOP facilities (n=63). Overall, the clients were well treated at the TOP facilities, and were satisfied with the service given to them. However, post-counselling and to a lesser extent pre-counselling, is lacking. Counselling is important as a considerable proportion of the clients suffered from emotional feelings usually associated with depression and/or self-reproach before and after the termination procedure. Furthermore these clients did not usually discuss their termination with family members. TOP service providers were dissatisfied with the TOP facilities, especially the insufficient number of consultation and counselling rooms. Health care workers in a position to refer clients to TOP facilities were not always willing to do so, thereby obstructing the referral system. In the main, it is recommended that the entire TOP procedure should be done at clinics/hospitals so that clients will not have to do inductions at home, more trained staff should be available, facilities should be adequate and accessible, and there should be psychological support for staff.

/pdf/the-implementation-of-the-choice-on-termination-of-pregnancy-399xt67u9a.pdf

The implementation of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act: some empirical findings.

This is the second instalment of a two-part article on the definitional construction of disability under s 6(1) of the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998. Part I explored the social construction of disability. It argued that a social construction provides meaningful paradigms in which to understand the epistemology of, as well as formulate normative responses to, disability. Because disability is more than just individual pathology, extrinsic disabling factors are integral to a meaningful interpretation of disability. The main thesis in Part I was that the medical model is a limited paradigm for transacting disability in an equality context, and that the social model offers a more nuanced and holistic approach. Part II builds on Part I and appropriates the social construction of disability to the definitional construction of disability under s 6(1). The essential premises of Part II are that both the medical and social models are essential tools for not only understanding, but more significantly, shaping the legal construction of disability. Where the legislative objective is to prevent discrimination, especially, a construction of disability that fails to transcend the medical model risks not only frustrating, but also distorting, in a fundamental manner, the rationale for anti-discrimination law as a tool for combating systematic disadvantage arising from stigma, prejudice, stereotypes or indifferent attitudes. To avoid anomalies in discrimination law or creating a hierarchy of equalities among protected groups, disability should be interpreted in a manner that, qualitatively, enjoys parity with other protected categories such as race, sex and gender.

Deconstructing the definition of 'disability' under the Employment Equity Act : social deconstruction

Gelykheid vir persone met gestremdhede in die werkplek : 'n oorsig van die verskyning van gestremdheid as 'n menseregte-aangeleentheid In hoofsaak ondersoek die artikel die ontwikkeling van gestremdheid as 'n menseregteaangeleentheid 
met 'n besondere beklemtoning van gelykheid in die werkplek. Daar 
word geput uit ontwikkelings wat plaasgevind het op internasionale terrein sowel as 
in ander jurisdiksies. Deurgaans word daar gepoog om gestremdheid in verband te bring 
met die Suid-Afrikaanse werkplek. Dit word aan die hand gedoen dat menseregtejurisprudensie 
traag was om gelykheid as 'n normatiewe instrument in te span om 
vooroordeel en ongeergdheid in die werksomgewing te oorkom. Gedurende die afgelope 
ongeveer twee dekades het daar egter 'n paradigmaverskuiwing plaasgevind, met 
gestremdheid wat as 'n menseregtetema op internasionale en plaaslike vlak ontwikkel 
het. Die groeiende erkenning van die begrip redelike akkommodasie as 'n meganisme 
vir die verwerkliking van gelykheid vir mense met gestremdhede in die werkplek, is een 
van die mees belowende tekens van 'n nuwe benadering tot gestremdheid
In essence, the article explores the development of disability as a human rights issue 
with a particular focus on equality in the workplace. It draws from developments that 
have been taking place at the international plane as well as in other jurisdictions. 
Throughout, the article seeks to ultimately relate disability to the South African workplace. 
It is submitted that human rights jurisprudence has been slow in harnessing equality 
as a normative tool for overcoming prejudice and indifference in the workplace 
environment. However, in the last two decades or so, there has been a paradigm shift, 
with disability emerging as a human rights issue at international and domestic levels. 
The growing recognition of the concept of reasonable accommodation as a mechanism 
for realising equality for people with disabilities in the workplace, is one of the most 
promising signs of a new approach to disability.

Charles Ngwena

Papers

Inscribing Abortion as a Human Right: Significance of the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa

The recognition of access to health care as a human right in South Africa: is it enough?

The implementation of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act: some empirical findings.

Deconstructing the definition of 'disability' under the Employment Equity Act : social deconstruction

Equality for people with disabilities in the workplace : an overview of the emergence of disability as a human rights issue