Theory of fuzzy integrals and its applications

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in the public and civil domains. These are particularly useful in applications, where human lives would otherwise be endangered. Multi-UAV systems can collaboratively complete missions more efficiently and economically as compared to single UAV systems. However, there are many issues to be resolved before effective use of UAVs can be made to provide stable and reliable context-specific networks. Much of the work carried out in the areas of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) does not address the unique characteristics of the UAV networks. UAV networks may vary from slow dynamic to dynamic and have intermittent links and fluid topology. While it is believed that ad hoc mesh network would be most suitable for UAV networks yet the architecture of multi-UAV networks has been an understudied area. Software defined networking (SDN) could facilitate flexible deployment and management of new services and help reduce cost, increase security and availability in networks. Routing demands of UAV networks go beyond the needs of MANETS and VANETS. Protocols are required that would adapt to high mobility, dynamic topology, intermittent links, power constraints, and changing link quality. UAVs may fail and the network may get partitioned making delay and disruption tolerance an important design consideration. Limited life of the node and dynamicity of the network lead to the requirement of seamless handovers, where researchers are looking at the work done in the areas of MANETs and VANETs, but the jury is still out. As energy supply on UAVs is limited, protocols in various layers should contribute toward greening of the network. This paper surveys the work done toward all of these outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.

Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks

Owing to the explosive expansion of wireless communication and networking technologies, cost-effective unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently emerged and soon they will occupy the major part of our sky. UAVs can be exploited to efficiently accomplish complex missions when cooperatively organized as an ad hoc network, thus creating the well-known flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). The establishment of such networks is not feasible without deploying an efficient networking model allowing a reliable exchange of information between UAVs. FANET inherits common features and characteristics from mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and their sub-classes, such as vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unfortunately, UAVs are often deployed in the sky adopting a mobility model dictated by the nature of missions that they are expected to handle, and therefore, differentiate themselves from any traditional networks. Moreover, several flying constraints and the highly dynamic topology of FANETs make the design of routing protocols a complicated task. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is presented covering the architecture, the constraints, the mobility models, the routing techniques, and the simulation tools dedicated to FANETs. A classification, descriptions, and comparative studies of an important number of existing routing protocols dedicated to FANETs are detailed. Furthermore, the paper depicts future challenge perspectives, helping scientific researchers to discover some themes that have been addressed only ostensibly in the literature and need more investigation. The novelty of this survey is its uniqueness to provide a complete analysis of the major FANET routing protocols and to critically compare them according to different constraints based on crucial parameters, thus better presenting the state of the art of this specific area of research.

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Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: Survey, Constraints, and Future Challenge Perspectives

Deployment strategies in the wireless sensor network

The coordination between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) is a proactive research topic whose great value of application has attracted vast attention. This paper outlines the motivations for studying the cooperative control of UAVs and UGVs, and attempts to make a comprehensive investigation and analysis on recent research in this field. First, a taxonomy for classification of existing unmanned aerial and ground vehicles systems (UAGVSs) is proposed, and a generalized optimization framework is developed to allow the decision-making problems for different types of UAGVSs to be described in a unified way. By following the proposed taxonomy, we show how different types of UAGVSs can be built to realize the goal of a common task, that is target tracking, and how optimization problems can be formulated for a UAGVS to perform specific tasks. This paper presents an optimization perspective to model and analyze different types of UAGVSs, and serves as a guidance and reference for developing UAGVSs.

Coordination Between Unmanned Aerial and Ground Vehicles: A Taxonomy and Optimization Perspective

With the scientific and technological progress, new-style three-dimensional (3D) mobile sensor networks draw the attention of many exciting applications in multifarious areas, where the former two-dimensional (2D) assumptions do not make sense. Existing references were mostly restricted to 3D static sensor networks, featuring either random or deterministic, while basing on more realistic mobile conditions, the studies were rarely referred. In this paper, we, for the first time, apply the noted virtual force algorithm (VFA) to 3D space. Except for traditional virtual forces, central gravitation and equilibrium force are additionally introduced to get better sensor distribution. Then four groups of cases are presented to summarize various mobility patterns and two metrics are of particular interest to evaluate the performance of our proposed improvement, namely coverage ratio and homogeneous degree. The simulation witnesses the effectiveness of the improved mechanism in the end.

Deploying Three-Dimensional Mobile Sensor Networks Based on Virtual Forces Algorithm

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) have been widely used in the world. There isn't stable end-to-end path in DTNs. The major objective is how to improve the possibility of finding a path from source to destination under limited conditions. In this paper, we proposed a novel three-dimensional (3D) location-based energy aware routing protocol that uses 3D location information to conduct routing of the real 3D DTNs. The key insight is that make use of the location information can reduce the overhead of DTNs. Then introduced an energy-awareness scheme to extend the network lifetime. We implemented 3DLEAR, Epidemic and PREP to compare their performance with different network environments. Simulation results show that 3DLEAR outperform other two protocols in delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. Additionally, we evaluated the improvement of the energy-awareness scheme on the network lifetime.

A 3D Location-Based Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Delay Tolerant Networks

Airborne mobile sensor network, which is composed of sensor nodes integrated airborne vehicles, draws the attention of many interesting topics in multifarious areas, such as environmental monitoring, battlefield surveillance or disaster management. In this function specific network, some application based rules should be obeyed completely, such as signal jamming, collision avoiding, formation matching and flock centering. Different principles treat the overall arrangement as dissimilar coverage problems fromdifferent perspectives. In this paper, considering the above factors, we give a modeling under some new restrictions, measure each candidate solution and do a multi-decision making process, thus solving coverage requirement. In the end the simulation proves our mechanism.

Multi-decision Making Based PSO Optimization in Airborne Mobile Sensor Network Deployment

Flying a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with mutual sense and communication capability in the air space, a late-model airborne perceptive network accordingly takes shape. Among all research issues about it, routing strategy is the prior problem that significantly blocks the whole efficacious communication, because this three-dimensional architecture features randomly violent topological changes and usable paths generate in an unpredictable moment. In this paper, we consider an exploration-exploitation trade-off in this specific delay tolerant network (DTN). The pivotal conception is the resultant of heuristic information and ant pheromone based on the ant foraging behavior. A fuzzy inference system is introduced to calculate the heuristic information using approximate reasoning, which helps ant routing. The simulation witnesses the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism in the end.

Ant Colony Based Routing Strategy in UAV Delay Tolerant Networks

This paper proposes a new protocol CDS, which is based on modification of DSR routing protocol. CDS routing protocol leverages on collaboration to optimize bottleneck and improve the whole performance of transmission path. The simulation result of NS2 indicates that CDS routing protocol outperforms DSR and full path collaborative routing protocol.

Chengping Tian

Papers

Deploying Three-Dimensional Mobile Sensor Networks Based on Virtual Forces Algorithm

A 3D Location-Based Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Delay Tolerant Networks

Multi-decision Making Based PSO Optimization in Airborne Mobile Sensor Network Deployment

Ant Colony Based Routing Strategy in UAV Delay Tolerant Networks

CDS - A Collaborative Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network