Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art

In addition to the often-cited advantages of using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system in plant biological research (1), Arabidopsis has many additional characteristics that make it an attractive experimental organism for studying lea d (Pb) accumulation and tolerance in plants. These include its fortuitous familial relationship to many known metal hyperaccumulators (Brassicaceae), as well as similar Pbaccumulation patterns to most other plants. Using nutrient-agar plates, hydroponic culture, and Pb-contaminated soils as growth media, we found significant variation in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes in accumulation and tolerance of Pb. In addition, we have found that Pb accumulation is not obligatorily linked with Pb tolerance, suggesti ng that different genetic factors control these two processes. We also screened ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M2 populations and identified several Pb-accumulating mutants. Current characterization of these mutants indicates that their phenotypes are likely due to alteration of general metal ion uptake or translocation processes since these mutants also accumulate many other metals in shoots. We expect that further characterization of the ecotypes and mutants will shed light on the basic genetic and physiological underpinnings of plant-based Pb remediation. 7. Aromatic nitroreduction of acifluorfen in soils, rhizospheres, and pure cultures of rhizobacteria. Zablotowicz, R. M., Locke, M. A., and Hoagland, R. E. Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 1997. p. 38-53. NAL Call #: QD1.A45-no.664 Abstract: Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds to their corresponding amino derivatives is one of several pathways in the degradation of nitroxenobiotics. Our studies with the nitrodiphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen showed rapid metabolism to am inoacifluorfen followed by incorporation into unextractable soil components in both soil and rhizosphere suspensions. Aminoacifluorfen was formed more rapidly in rhizospheres compared to soil, which can be attributed to higher microbial populations, espec ially of Gram-negative bacteria. We identified several strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens that possess nitroreductase activity capable of converting acifluorfen to aminoacifluorfen. Factors affecting acifluorfen nitroreductase activity in pure cultures an d cell-free extracts, and other catabolic transformations of acifluorfen, ether bond cleavage, are discussed. Plant rhizospheres should be conducive for aromatic nitroreduction. Nitroreduction by rhizobacteria is an important catabolic pathway for the ini tial degradation of various nitroherbicides and other nitroaromatic compounds in soils under Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds to their corresponding amino derivatives is one of several pathways in the degradation of nitroxenobiotics. Our studies with the nitrodiphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen showed rapid metabolism to am inoacifluorfen followed by incorporation into unextractable soil components in both soil and rhizosphere suspensions. Aminoacifluorfen was formed more rapidly in rhizospheres compared to soil, which can be attributed to higher microbial populations, espec ially of Gram-negative bacteria. We identified several strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens that possess nitroreductase activity capable of converting acifluorfen to aminoacifluorfen. Factors affecting acifluorfen nitroreductase activity in pure cultures an d cell-free extracts, and other catabolic transformations of acifluorfen, ether bond cleavage, are discussed. Plant rhizospheres should be conducive for aromatic nitroreduction. Nitroreduction by rhizobacteria is an important catabolic pathway for the ini tial degradation of various nitroherbicides and other nitroaromatic compounds in soils under phytoremediation management. 8. Ascorbate: a biomarker of herbicide stress in wetland plants. Lytle, T. F. and Lytle, J. S. Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 1997. p. 106-113. NAL Call #: QD1.A45-no.664 Abstract: In laboratory exposures of wetland plants to low herbicide levels (<0.1 micrograms/mL), some plants showed increased total ascorbic acid suggesting a stimulatory effect on ascorbic acid synthesis occurred; at higher herbicide conce ntrations (greater than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/mL) a notable decline in total ascorbic acid and increase in the oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid occurred. Vigna luteola and Sesbania vesicaria were exposed for 7 and 21 days respectively to atrazine (0.05 to 1 microgram/mL); Spartina alterniflora 28 days at 0.1 micrograms/mL trifluralin; Hibiscus moscheutos 14 days at 0.1 and 1 microgram/mL metolachlor in fresh and brackish water. The greatest increase following low dosage occurred with S. alterniflo ra, increasing from <600 micrograms/g wet wt. total ascorbic acid to >1000 micrograms/g. Ascorbic acid may be a promising biomarker of estuarine plants exposed to herbicide runoff; stimulation of ascorbic acid synthesis may enable some wetland plant s used in phytoremediation to cope with low levels of these compounds. In laboratory exposures of wetland plants to low herbicide levels (<0.1 micrograms/mL), some plants showed increased total ascorbic acid suggesting a stimulatory effect on ascorbic acid synthesis occurred; at higher herbicide conce ntrations (greater than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/mL) a notable decline in total ascorbic acid and increase in the oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid occurred. Vigna luteola and Sesbania vesicaria were exposed for 7 and 21 days respectively to atrazine (0.05 to 1 microgram/mL); Spartina alterniflora 28 days at 0.1 micrograms/mL trifluralin; Hibiscus moscheutos 14 days at 0.1 and 1 microgram/mL metolachlor in fresh and brackish water. The greatest increase following low dosage occurred with S. alterniflo ra, increasing from <600 micrograms/g wet wt. total ascorbic acid to >1000 micrograms/g. Ascorbic acid may be a promising biomarker of estuarine plants exposed to herbicide runoff; stimulation of ascorbic acid synthesis may enable some wetland plant s used in phytoremediation to cope with low levels of these compounds. 9. Atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and ozone--is NO(x) fixation by plants a possible solution. Wellburn, A. R. New phytol. 139: 1 pp. 5-9. (May 1998). NAL Call #: 450-N42 Descriptors: ozoneair-pollution nitrogen-dioxide nitric-oxide air-quality tolerancebioremediationacclimatizationnutrient-sources nutrient-uptake plantscultivarsgenetic-variation literature-reviews 10. Atrazine degradation in pesticide-contaminated soils: phytoremediation potential. Kruger, E. L., Anhalt, J. C., Sorenson, D., Nelson, B., Chouhy, A. L., Anderson, T. A., and Coats, J. R. Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 1997. p. 54-64. NAL Call #: QD1.A45-no. 664 Abstract: Studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine the fate of atrazine in pesticide-contaminated soils from agrochemical dealer sites. No significant differences in atrazine concentrations occurred in soils treated with atrazine i ndividually or combinations with metolachlor and trifluralin. In a screening study carried out in soils from four agrochemical dealer sites, rapid mineralization of atrazine occurred in three out of eight soils tested, with the greatest amount occurring i n Bravo rhizosphere soil (35% of the applied atrazine after 9 weeks). Suppression of atrazine mineralization in the Bravo rhizosphere soil did not occur with the addition of high concentrations of herbicide mixtures, but instead was increased. Plants had a positive impact on dissipation of aged Studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine the fate of atrazine in pesticide-contaminated soils from agrochemical dealer sites. No significant differences in atrazine concentrations occurred in soils treated with atrazine i ndividually or combinations with metolachlor and trifluralin. In a screening study carried out in soils from four agrochemical dealer sites, rapid mineralization of atrazine occurred in three out of eight soils tested, with the greatest amount occurring i n Bravo rhizosphere soil (35% of the applied atrazine after 9 weeks). Suppression of atrazine mineralization in the Bravo rhizosphere soil did not occur with the addition of high concentrations of herbicide mixtures, but instead was increased. Plants had a positive impact on dissipation of aged atrazine in soil, with significantly less atrazine extractable from Kochia-vegetated soils than from nonvegetated soils. 11. Bacterial inoculants of forage grasses that enhance degradation of 2-chlorobenzoic acid in soil. Siciliano, S. D. and Germida, J. J. Environ toxicol chem. 16: 6 pp. 1098-1104. (June 1997). NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58 Descriptors: polluted-soils bioremediationAbstract: Biological remediation of contaminated soil is an effective method of reducing risk to human and ecosystem health. Bacteria and plants might be used to enhance remediation of soil pollutants in situ. This study assessed the potential of bacteria (12 isolates), plants (16 forage grasses), and plant-bacteria associations (selected pairings) to remediate 2-chlorobenzoic acid (2CBA)-contaminated soil. Initially, grass viability was assessed in 2CBA-contaminated soil. Soil was contaminated wi th 2CBA, forage grasses were grown under growth chamber conditions for 42 or 60 d, and the 2CBA concentration in soil was determined by gas chromatography. Only five of 16 forage grasses grew in 2CBA-treated (816 mg/kg) soil. Growth of Bromus inermis had no effect on 2CBA concentration, whereas Agropyron intermedium, B. biebersteinii, A. riparum, and Elymus dauricus decreased 2CBA relative to nonplanted control soil by 32 to 42%. The 12 bacteria isolates were screened for their ability to promote the germ ination of the five grasses in 2CBA-contaminated soil. Inoculation of A. riparum with Pseudomonas aeruginos

Phytoremediation : 植物による環境/土壌浄化

The inhibition of the Anammox process: A review

A catalytic lignocellulose biorefinery process is presented, valorizing both polysaccharide and lignin components into a handful of chemicals. To that end, birch sawdust is efficiently delignified through simultaneous solvolysis and catalytic hydrogenolysis in the presence of a Ru on carbon catalyst (Ru/C) in methanol under a H2 atmosphere at elevated temperature, resulting in a carbohydrate pulp and a lignin oil. The lignin oil yields above 50% of phenolic monomers (mainly 4-n-propylguaiacol and 4-n-propylsyringol) and about 20% of a set of phenolic dimers, relative to the original lignin content, next to phenolic oligomers. The structural features of the lignin monomers, dimers and oligomers were identified by a combination of GC/MS, GPC and 2D HSQC NMR techniques, showing interesting functionalities for forthcoming polymer applications. The effect of several key parameters like temperature, reaction time, wood particle size, reactor loading, catalyst reusability and the influence of solvent and gas were examined in view of the phenolic product yield, the degree of delignification and the sugar retention as a first assessment of the techno-economic feasibility of this biorefinery process. The separated carbohydrate pulp contains up to 92% of the initial polysaccharides, with a nearly quantitative retention of cellulose. Pulp valorization was demonstrated by its chemocatalytic conversion to sugar polyols, showing the multiple use of Ru/C, initially applied in the hydrogenolysis process. Various lignocellulosic substrates, including genetically modified lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, were finally processed in the hydrogenolytic biorefinery, indicating lignocellulose rich in syringyl-type lignin, as found in hardwoods, as the ideal feedstock for the production of chemicals.

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Reductive lignocellulose fractionation into soluble lignin-derived phenolic monomers and dimers and processable carbohydrate pulps

A review of the recent advances on the treatment of industrial wastewaters by Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (SR-AOPs)

The invention discloses microorganism-based driven powder self-assembly particles, an assembly and an application method thereof. According to the invention, filamentous fungi is taken as an assembly driving body and takes carbohydrate biomass as growth driving energy source, powder dispersed in an aqueous solution is added in a filamentous fungi growth solution, through thermostatic oscillation culture, an macroscopic assembly body taking mycelium as a matrix and directionally loaded with the powder particles can be obtained. The method has the advantages of simple process, low cost, high efficiency, cleaning and continuous development, the method can realize large-scale powder assembly, and is suitable for macroscopic assembly preparation of series of nano-materials such as charcoal, inorganic oxide and a polymer. The size of the particles can reach 0.1-5 mm, the porosity is developed, a structure is stable, and the particles can be effectively used for water body pollutant adsorption.

Microorganism-based driven powder self-assembly particles, assembly and application method thereof

The utility model discloses a high efficiency anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, comprising a reactor body and support legs, wherein the reactor body is orderly provided with a sludge deposit chamber, a divergent chamber, an up-flow type reaction chamber from top to bottom; the reactor body has the inner side of the bottom part provided with a swirl flow water distributor and the outer side of the bottom part provided with a four-way pipe formed by inlets of a water inlet pipe, a sludge drain pipe and an outside circulation pipe; the up-flow type reaction chamber is provided inside with fillers; the upper part of the divergent chamber is provided with an overflow cone-shaped baffle plate; the sludge deposit chamber is provided inside with a three phase separator and has the side wall of the upper part provided with an overflow weir, a water outlet pipe of overflow weir, a fluid seal groove, a fluid seal water level control pipe and a scum pipe of fluid seal groove The utility model has huge potential on the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reaction and strong shock resistance, can keep the anaerobic ammonia oxidation cells with high efficiency, strengthen the mass transfer process and the substrate transformation, release the substrate inhibition, improve the effective volume of the reactor, guarantee the reaction efficiency, effectively prevent air from leaking into the reactor and ensure the anaerobic condition of the reactor

Highly effective anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor

The invention discloses a strain fed-batch anaerobic ammonia oxidation device and a technique thereof. The strain fed-batch anaerobic ammonia oxidation device consists of two parts: an anaerobic ammonia oxidation strain seed tank and an anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, wherein the anaerobic ammonia oxidation strain seed tank is operated by adoption of simulated ammonia-bearing and nitrite-bearing inorganic wastewater, so as to culture anaerobic ammonia oxidation sludge; the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor is used for treating actual nitrogen-containing wastewater, and the anaerobic ammonia oxidation sludge which comes from the anaerobic ammonia oxidation strain seed tank is inputted into the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor through a gravity strain fed-batch device, so as to strengthen the function of denitrogenation. The strain fed-batch anaerobic ammonia oxidation device improves the quality of a strain, shortens the starting time of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, improves the potency and the stability of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, and widens the application scope of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation technique through fed-batch of the strain.

Bacterial fed-batch anaerobic ammonium oxidation apparatus and technology thereof

The invention discloses a spiral type self loop anaerobic organisms reactor. It has the identity and support for the reactor. The reactor includes plug flow reaction chamber, common air chamber and gas liquid separation. The plug flow reaction chamber connects to common air chamber by excircle tube flaring pipe. The bottom of plug flow reaction chamber has discharge pipeline and influent pipe. The spiral lamina and back flow are set in plug flow reaction chamber. The bottom of back flow connects to the bottom of reaction chamber. Superior end connects with the center of three phase separator reducing pipe. The return-sludge flow sew of the bottom of three phase separator connects to settling chamber. The turbid water lifting pipe and back flow are fixed on the flaring pipe back flow board of three phase separator. The invention could effectively denial short current and air emerging phenomenon, intensify ground substance degradation. It ensures the high efficiency and stable of the running feature of reactor.

Spiral self-circulation anaerobic biological reactor

The invention discloses a Fe-Mn system adsorbent and a preparation and application method of Fe-Mn system adsorbent. The Fe-Mn system adsorbent is obtained by taking Fe and manganese dioxide as raw materials, performing ball grinding on a Fe-Mn system mixture in a water medium under the activation action of a mechanical ball grinder, taking out a product after ball grinding is performed for proper time, adjusting the pH value to 4-6, and performing aging, filtering, drying, grinding and screening. The adsorbent is high in adsorption performance on arsenic, is high in adsorption capacity and has a certain adsorption effect on other heavy metal ions. The adsorbent is easy to settle, and solid-liquid separation is convenient.

Chong-Jian Tang

Papers

Microorganism-based driven powder self-assembly particles, assembly and application method thereof

Highly effective anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor

Bacterial fed-batch anaerobic ammonium oxidation apparatus and technology thereof

Spiral self-circulation anaerobic biological reactor

Fe-Mn system adsorbent and preparation and application method of Fe-Mn system adsorbent