Approaches, Derivatives and Applications Vasilios Georgakilas,† Michal Otyepka,‡ Athanasios B. Bourlinos,‡ Vimlesh Chandra, Namdong Kim, K. Christian Kemp, Pavel Hobza,‡,§,⊥ Radek Zboril,*,‡ and Kwang S. Kim* †Institute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo naḿ. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Functionalization of Graphene: Covalent and Non-Covalent Approaches, Derivatives and Applications

A stoichiometric derivative of graphene with a fluorine atom attached to each carbon is reported Raman, optical, structural, micromechanical, and transport studies show that the material is qualitatively different from the known graphene-based nonstoichiometric derivatives Fluorographene is a high-quality insulator (resistivity >10(12) Omega) with an optical gap of 3 eV It inherits the mechanical strength of graphene, exhibiting a Young's modulus of 100 N m(-1) and sustaining strains of 15% Fluorographene is inert and stable up to 400 degrees C even in air, similar to Teflon

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Fluorographene: A Two‐Dimensional Counterpart of Teflon

Electrografting refers to the electrochemical reaction that permits organic layers to be attached to solid conducting substrates. This definition can be extended to reactions involving an electron transfer between the substrate to be modified and the reagent, but also to examples where a reducing or oxidizing reagent is added to produce the reactive species. These methods are interesting as they provide a real bond between the surface and the organic layer. Electrografting applies to a variety of substrates including carbon, metals and their oxides, but also dielectrics such as polymers. Since the 1980s several methods have been developed, either by reduction or oxidation, and some of them have reached an industrial stage. This critical review describes the methods that are used for electrografting, their mechanism, the formation and growth of the layers as well as their applications (742 references).

Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification

Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising material for the development of antimicrobial surfaces due to its contact-based antimicrobial activity. However, the relationship between GO physicochemical properties and its antimicrobial activity has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the size-dependency of GO antimicrobial activity using the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. GO suspensions of average sheet area ranging from 0.01 to 0.65 μm2 were produced and their antimicrobial activity evaluated in cell suspensions or as a model GO surface coating. The antimicrobial activity of GO surface coatings increased 4-fold when GO sheet area decreased from 0.65 to 0.01 μm2. The higher antimicrobial effect of smaller GO sheets is attributed to oxidative mechanisms associated with the higher defect density of smaller sheets. In contrast, in suspension assays, GO interacted with bacteria in a cell entrapment mechanism; in this case, the antimicrobial effect of GO increased with increasing sheet area, wi...

Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Why Size Matters.

Using micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, we study the relationship between structural distortion and electrical hole doping of graphene on a silicon dioxide substrate. The observed upshift of the Raman G band represents charge doping and not compressive strain. Two independent factors control the doping: (1) the degree of graphene coupling to the substrate and (2) exposure to oxygen and moisture. Thermal annealing induces a pronounced structural distortion due to close coupling to SiO2 and activates the ability of diatomic oxygen to accept charge from graphene. Gas flow experiments show that dry oxygen reversibly dopes graphene; doping becomes stronger and more irreversible in the presence of moisture and over long periods of time. We propose that oxygen molecular anions are stabilized by water solvation and electrostatic binding to the silicon dioxide surface.

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Atmospheric Oxygen Binding and Hole Doping in Deformed Graphene on a SiO2 Substrate

The reactivity of graphene and its various multilayers toward electron transfer chemistries with 4-nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate is probed by Raman spectroscopy after reaction on-chip Single graphene sheets are found to be almost 10 times more reactive than bi- or multilayers of graphene according to the relative disorder (D) peak in the Raman spectrum examined before and after chemical reaction in water A model whereby electron puddles that shift the Dirac point locally to values below the Fermi level is consistent with the reactivity difference Because the chemistry at the graphene edge is important for controlling its electronic properties, particularly in ribbon form, we have developed a spectroscopic test to examine the relative reactivity of graphene edges versus the bulk We show, for the first time, that the reactivity of edges is at least two times higher than the reactivity of the bulk single graphene sheet, as supported by electron transfer theory These differences in electron tr

Chrisantha J. Perera

Papers

Anomalously large reactivity of single graphene layers and edges toward electron transfer chemistries.