Many modern cities strive to integrate information technology into every aspect of city life to create so-called smart cities. Smart cities rely on a large number of application areas and technologies to realize complex interactions between citizens, third parties, and city departments. This overwhelming complexity is one reason why holistic privacy protection only rarely enters the picture. A lack of privacy can result in discrimination and social sorting, creating a fundamentally unequal society. To prevent this, we believe that a better understanding of smart cities and their privacy implications is needed. We therefore systematize the application areas, enabling technologies, privacy types, attackers, and data sources for the attacks, giving structure to the fuzzy term “smart city.” Based on our taxonomies, we describe existing privacy-enhancing technologies, review the state of the art in real cities around the world, and discuss promising future research directions. Our survey can serve as a reference guide, contributing to the development of privacy-friendly smart cities.

Privacy in the Smart City—Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions

In one example, a Bluetooth enabled mobile device discovers the Bluetooth profile capability of a plurality of mobile phones and stores the profile information in a database. Thereafter, when access to a remote network such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network is necessitated by an event, the Bluetooth enabled mobile device can establish a Bluetooth connection with an available mobile phone according to a comparison of the event to the stored profile information for that mobile phone. The Bluetooth enabled mobile device can then establish a transport layer connection that extends over the established Bluetooth connection and a wireless telecommunications network associated with the available phone and exchange data with a remote network using the established transport layer connection.

Using a bluetooth capable mobile phone to access a remote network

A spinal correction system comprises an elongate member extending between a first end including a first inner surface defining a first cavity and a second end including a collar having a second inner surface defining a second cavity. The second cavity is movable relative to the elongate member in at least one orientation. The second end defining an elongated cavity. A first extender defines a first outer surface and a second extender defines a second outer surface. The elongate member is disposable between a first configuration and a second configuration such that the second cavity is movable in the at least one orientation to a position such that the first inner surface is forcibly disposable in a fixed engagement with the first outer surface and the interior surface is forcibly disposed in a fixed engagement with at least a portion of the collar. Methods of use are disclosed.

Spinal correction system and method

Methods and apparatus for adaptively transmitting data in a wireless communication network are disclosed, in which channel conditions between a mobile terminal and two or more base stations in an active set are evaluated and used to select a transmission mode from a set of available downlink transmission modes including a non-interference-coordinated point-to-point transmission mode as well as at least one of a multi-cell single-frequency-network transmission mode and an interference-coordinated point-to-point transmission mode. Using the dynamic transmission mode selection described herein, a higher cell-edge throughput in HSDPA systems may be achieved.

Methods and apparatus for improving cell-edge data throughput in a wireless communications system

This invention pertains to methods and apparatus for data communications from vehicles, to obtain emergency, concierge and other services, using a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network. Signaling is described for commencing data sessions after establishing a voice channel call. The call may be initiated from the vehicle automatically, and the call taker location may be unattended. Signaling methods are selected for traversing both newer and legacy vocoders for ubiquitous operation.

Wireless in-band signaling with in-vehicle systems

A system is provided for transmitting information through a speech codec (in-band) such as found in a wireless communication network. A modulator transforms the data into a spectrally noise-like signal based on the mapping of a shaped pulse to predetermined positions within a modulation frame, and the signal is efficiently encoded by a speech codec. A synchronization sequence provides modulation frame timing at the receiver and is detected based on analysis of a correlation peak pattern. A request/response protocol provides reliable transfer of data using message redundancy, retransmission, and/or robust modulation modes dependent on the communication channel conditions.

System and method of an in-band modem for data communications over digital wireless communication networks

eCall is a project of the European Commission for the improvement of transportation safety by providing rapid assistance to motorists involved in a collision anywhere in the European Union. In the event of a collision, the intended solution employs an in-band modem that transmits vehicle location, airbag deployment, and other relevant information timely and reliably from the in-vehicle system (IVS) over the cellular network voice channel to the public safety answering point (PSAP). This paper describes the requirements, system design and performance of the eCall in-band modem solution that was selected by 3GPP. Due to the employment of this solution in life-critical situations, transmission reliability and speed are of utmost importance. The effective transmission channel is characterized by the highly nonlinear speech codec, as well as radio channel impairments, constituting a challenge for the in-band transmission of digital data. Several innovative transmission concepts were developed for our eCall in-band modem solution to address this challenge.

Cellular In-Band Modem Solution for eCall Emergency Data Transmission

Processing the synchronization of an inband modem to detect sample slip conditions is disclosed. Decision logic reliably detects the sample slip condition while minimizing the number of false alarms.

System and method for synchronization tracking in an in-band modem

Acknowledging a source terminal data message from a destination terminal in an in-band communication system is disclosed. A first synchronization sequence followed by a low layer acknowledgement message and a second synchronization sequence followed by a high layer acknowledgement message is transmitted.

System and method for supporting higher-layer protocol messaging in an in-band modem

A system and method is provided for sending a message type identifier through a speech codec (in-band) such as found in a wireless communication network. A first predetermined sequence with noise-like characteristics identifies a first message type. A second predetermined sequence with noise-like characteristics identifies a second message type.

Christian Sgraja

Papers

System and method of an in-band modem for data communications over digital wireless communication networks

Cellular In-Band Modem Solution for eCall Emergency Data Transmission

System and method for synchronization tracking in an in-band modem

System and method for supporting higher-layer protocol messaging in an in-band modem

System and method for obtaining a message type identifier through an in-band modem