Christina G. Halpin

TL;DR: The aim of the review is to promote the view that predators do not simply learn to avoid aposematic prey, but rather make adaptive decisions about both when to gather information about defended prey and when to include them in their diets.

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to examine the form and function of multimodal warning displays, and evaluate the evidence for different functional hypotheses that can explain their widespread evolution.

TL;DR: It is found that European starlings increased their consumption of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, prey containing quinine when the ambient temperature was reduced below their thermoneutral zone from 20 °C to 6 °C, which suggests that conspicuous coloration may be more costly at lower temperatures, and that aposematic prey may need to invest more in chemical defences as temperatures decline.

TL;DR: It is found that birds ate fewer defended prey, and less quinine, when undefended prey were large compared with when they were small, but that the size of the defended prey had no effect on the numbers eaten, suggesting colour signals may be more salient to predators than size differences.

TL;DR: It is shown that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) increase their intake of a toxic prey type when the nutritional content is artificially increased, and decrease their intake when nutritional enrichment is ceased, demonstrating that birds can detect the nutritionalcontent of toxic prey by post-ingestive feedback, and use this information in their foraging decisions, raising new perspectives on the evolution of prey defences.