This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

Since their creation, the European Union and the Council of Europe have worked to harmonise the justice systems of their member states. This project has been met with a series of challenges. European Criminal Law offers a compelling insight into the development and functions of European criminal law. It tracks the historical development of European criminal law, offering a detailed critical analysis of the criminal justice systems responsible for its implementation. While the rapid expansion and transnationalisation of criminal law is a necessary response to the growing numbers of free movement of persons and goods, it has serious implications for the rights of European citizens and needs to be balanced with rights protections. With its close analysis of secondary legislation and reliance on a wide variety of original sources, this book provides a thorough understanding of European Criminal Law and the institutions involved.

European Criminal Law

The concept of stigma and labeling has been central to the sociology of punishment since at least the writings of Durkheim and Mead. However, the vast transformations brought on by the expansion of...

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Digital degradation: Stigma management in the internet age:

Drawing on an important survey of European and Australian policies toward ‘judicial rehabilitation,’ this article makes the following arguments. First, the rehabilitation movement should return to the origins of the word ‘rehabilitation’ and focus at least as much on efforts to remove and relieve ex-prisoner stigma as on treatment and reform efforts. There will be no ‘rehabilitation revolution’ without this. Second, these efforts should involve active, not passive redemption. Rehabilitation processes that require almost a decade or more of ‘crime-free’ behaviour before forgiving an individual for his or her crimes are just and fair, but they miss the point of rehabilitation. Policies should encourage, support and facilitate good behaviour and not just reward it in retrospect. Third, rehabilitation should not just be done, but be ‘seen to be done,’ ideally in a ritualised format. This sends an important message to the individual and wider society. Finally, I argue that it may be better to forgive than forget past crimes. That is, rather than burying past crimes as if they never happened, states should instead acknowledge and formally recognise that people can change, that good people can do bad things, and that all individuals should be able to move on from past convictions.

Judicial Rehabilitation and the ‘Clean Bill of Health’ in Criminal Justice

This paper is part of a special edition on Judicial Rehabilitation, a topic that derived from Maruna’s work on rehabilitation and rehabilitation rituals. It addresses the possibility of such rituals in the Netherlands. It describes which data concerning criminal convictions can be stored, how long they may be preserved and which persons and organisations can get access to the criminal records. It also pays attention to the jobs and position for which a conduct certificate is needed and the conditions under which it can be issued. Conclusion of this analysis is that the stricter regulations concerning criminal records, the increase of jobs a conduct certificate is needed for and the stricter conditions under which it is issued, hinder the serious efforts that are made in prison and probation to reduce recidivism.

Judicial Rehabilitation in the Netherlands: Balancing between Safety and Privacy:

This paper has two aims: First, it will explore the German legal system of central data collection on convicted offenders, the limited access to the data stored and the different modes of removing data. This exploration will be linked to the question of re-socialisation as a right of the offender and, more practically, to his ‘real life chances’ of finding a workplace as a decisive element of the re-integration process. Second, debates about judicial rehabilitation through the means of a formalized redemption ritual or ceremony (see Maruna, 2011) that acknowledges the desistance of ex-offenders will be examined in the German context.

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Judicial Rehabilitation in Germany — The Use of Criminal Records and the Removal of Recorded Convictions:

Pre-trial detention in the European Union

Associate authors: Karin Bruckmuller, Luciana Caenazzo, Rob Canton, Algimantas Cepas, Berit Johnsen, Sonja Snacken, George Mair, Sandra Scicluna, Luisa Ravagnani and Dirk van Zyl Smit We now have evidence that there is a specifically European approach to key aspects of punishment. There is a pan-European rejection of the death penalty a European approach to prisoners’ rights, and the Committee for the Prevention of Torture as a strong monitoring body and we also share the idea that imprisonment must be used as ultima ratio (van Zyl Smit and Snacken, 2009). What we want to know is whether this approach extends to punishment and supervi- sion enforced outside prisons — that is, to community sanctions as sentences and supervision measures before or instead of trial.

European Norms, Policy and Practice

The article addresses the question how far European initiatives on Community Sanctions and Measures as well as the attitude towards them and their implementation by the Member States reflect “the punitive turn” or rather show a tendency to “resist punitiveness” in European penal policies. After presenting the Council of Europe’s European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures (ER CSM) of 1992 its provision regarding the co-operation and consent of the offender is considered in more detail. The change of penal climate in the Member States and its reflection by the update of the ER CSM in 2000 is described then, using the example of sanctions of indeterminate duration and Electronic Monitoring. Finally, the European Union’s Framework Decision on the supervision of probation measures and alternative sanctions (adopted 2008) and possible obstacles with regard to its implementation are introduced briefly.

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European Initiatives for Harmonisation and Minimum Standards in the Field of Community Sanctions and Measures

This article presents some background considerations to a comparative study which reviews the legal basis of pre-trial detention in the member States of the European Union as well as current practice and problems in relation to such detention. The reasons why such a study seems worthwhile—even at a time where other criminal policy topics are being paid greater attention have priority—will be explained. Statistics show that pre-trial detainees form a considerable proportion of all prisoners. But a closer look also reveals that the comparability of data is limited. Apart from empirical aspects, the article also briefly examines existing minimum standards regarding pre-trial detention.

Christine Morgenstern

Papers

Judicial Rehabilitation in Germany — The Use of Criminal Records and the Removal of Recorded Convictions:

Pre-trial detention in the European Union

European Norms, Policy and Practice

European Initiatives for Harmonisation and Minimum Standards in the Field of Community Sanctions and Measures

Pre-trial/remand detention in Europe: facts and figures and the need for common minimum standards