This study develops a symbolic management perspective on strategic change to predict and test the antecedents and consequences of how firms frame strategic change. Using data from a sample of conte...

The Symbolic Management of Strategic Change: Sensegiving Via Framing and Decoupling

In the last decade the framing perspective has gained increasing popularity among social movement researchers and theorists. Surprisingly, there has been no critical assessment of this growing body of literature. Though the perspective has made significant contributions to the movements literature, it suffers from several shortcomings. These include neglect of systematic empirical studies, descriptive bias, static tendencies, reification, reductionism, elite bias, and monolithic tendencies. In addition to a critique of extant movement framing literature, I offer several remedies and illustrate them with recent work. The articles by Francesca Polletta, John H. Evans, Sharon Erickson Nepstad, and Ira Silver in this special section address several of the concerns raised in this critique and, in so doing, contribute to the integration of structural and cultural approaches to social movements.

An Insider's Critique of the Social Movement Framing Perspective*

The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitnesses to determine the facts surrounding criminal events. Eyewitnesses may identify culprits, recall conversations, or remember other details. An eyewitness who has no motive to lie is a powerful form of evidence for jurors, especially if the eyewitness appears to be highly confident about his or her recollection. In the absence of definitive proof to the contrary, the eyewitness's account is generally accepted by police, prosecutors, judges, and juries.However, the faith the legal system places in eyewitnesses has been shaken recently by the advent of forensic DNA testing. Given the right set of circumstances, forensic DNA testing can prove that a person who was convicted of a crime is, in fact, innocent. Analyses of DNA exoneration cases since 1992 reveal that mistaken eyewitness identification was involved in the vast majority of these convictions, accounting for more convictions of innocent people than all other factors combined. We review the lates...

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Eyewitness Evidence Improving Its Probative Value

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On the autobiography of Malcolm X.

Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis of police traffic stop data

Part 1: CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. 1. Crime and Justice in America. 2. Victimization and Criminal Behavior. 3. The Criminal Justice System. 4. Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law. Part 2: POLICE. 5. Police. 6. Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations. 7. Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges. 8. Police and Constitutional Law. Part 3: COURTS. 9. Court and Pretrial Processes. 10. Prosecution and Defense. 11. Determination of Guilt: Plea Bargaining and Trials. 12. Punishment and Sentencing. Part 4: CORRECTIONS. 13. Corrections. 14. Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions. 15. Incarceration and Prison Society. 16. Reentry into the Community. Part 5: THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM. 17. Juvenile Justice.

The American System of Criminal Justice

CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN AMERICA: MEDIA EDITION, 3rd is an offspring of Cole/Smith's THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 9th (2001). It relies on the hallmarks of "the Eagle, " including the research and conceptual framework of the larger text, but the material has been rewritten in a style that is descriptive and informative, without being overly theoretical. A less expensive, shorter text than most Introductory titles in the market today, it is approachable and includes solid and balanced research within a social science context, taking into account the economic, political, sociological, historical, and philosophical implications of the criminal justice system. It also has an increased instructor's package as well as more student-oriented features. The text is now more accessible to students of all levels. With the new CD-ROM, packaged with this edition, students will be introduced to an interactive world for learning.

Criminal Justice in America

1. Courts, Politics, and the Judicial Process. 2. Court Organization. 3. The Legal Profession. 4. Criminal Justice Processes. 5. Civil Justice Processes. 6. Judicial Selection. 7. Judicial Decision Making. 8. Appellate Processes. 9. United States Supreme Court. 10. Courts and Policy Making. 11. Judicial Process: A Comparative Perspective.

Courts, politics, and the judicial process

Until the 1960s, the judiciary had taken a hands-off approach to issues related to the constitutional rights of prisoners. This absence of judicial scrutiny upon prison officials existed despite the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments, which clearly implies that there are discernible limitations on the government's ability to punish convicted offenders. Cases filed by prisoners asserting the existence of constitutional protections were met by declarations that prisoners had forfeited all rights. Judges avoided deciding cases concerning prisoners by saying that convicted criminals were "slave[s]" of the state (Ruffin v. Commonwealth, 1871) or by deferring to correctional officials because of their supposed expertise in treating offenders (Robbins, 1980). According to Jacobs (1983, p. 35), the movement to gain judicial recognition of the existence of constitutional rights for prisoners in the 1960s was part of a larger societal transformation in which various political minorities, including women, ethnic groups, and disabled people, "pressed for admission into the societal mainstream." Although other groups could use tactics such as public demonstrations, electoral participation, and legislative lobbying to increase their political power and societal acceptance, incarcerated offenders possessed very limited avenues for seeking redress of grievances. The tragedy at Attica state prison provides a vivid illustration of prisoners' complete inability to seek meaningful institutional reform through direct action (Wicker, 1975). Because prisoners lack access to alternative means of political participation, they must depend upon the courts for the recognition of constitutional protec-

Black Muslims and the Development of Prisoners' Rights:

Gene copy number variation plays a large role in the evolution of genomes In Rattus norvegicus and other rodent species, the Y-chromosome has accumulated multiple copies of Sry loci These copy number variations have been previously linked with changes in phenotype of animal models such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) This study characterizes the Y-chromosome in the Sry region of Rattus norvegicus, while addressing functional variations seen in the Sry protein products Eleven Sry loci have been identified in the SHR with one (nonHMG Sry) containing a frame shift mutation The nonHMGSry is found and conserved in the related WKY and SD rat strains Three new, previously unidentified, Sry loci were identified in this study (Sry3BII, Sry4 and Sry4A) in both SHR and WKY Repetitive element analysis revealed numerous LINE-L1 elements at regions where conservation is lost among the Sry copies In addition we have identified a retrotransposed copy of Med14 originating from spliced mRNA, two autosomal genes (Ccdc110 and HMGB1) and a normal mammalian Y-chromosome gene (Zfy) in the Sry region of the rat Y-chromosome Translation of the sequences of each Sry gene reveals eight proteins with amino acid differences leading to changes in nuclear localization and promoter activation of a Sry-responsive gene Sry-β (coded by the Sry2 locus) has an increased cytoplasmic fraction due to alterations at amino acid 21 Sry-γ has altered gene regulation of the Sry1 promoter due to changes at amino acid 76 The duplication of Sry on the Rattus norvegicus Y-chromosome has led to proteins with altered functional ability that may have been selected for functions in addition to testis determination Additionally, several other genes not normally found on the Y-chromosome have duplicated new copies into the region around the Sry genes These suggest a role of active transposable elements in the evolution of the mammalian Y-chromosome in species such as Rattus norvegicus

https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=biology_ideas

Christopher E. Smith

Papers

The American System of Criminal Justice

Criminal Justice in America

Courts, politics, and the judicial process

Black Muslims and the Development of Prisoners' Rights:

Analysis of Sry Duplications On the Rattus Norvegicus Y-Chromosome